Canadian Institutes of Health Research and WHO.

This review evaluates the effects of mass deworming for soil‐transmitted helminths on growth, educational achievement, cognition, school attendance, quality of life and adverse effects in children in endemic helminth areas. Mass deworming for soil‐transmitted helminths probably has little to no effect on weight, height, school attendance, cognition measured by short‐term attention, or mortality. There are no data on short‐term quality of life and little evidence of adverse effects. Mass deworming for schistosomiasis alone may slightly increase weight but probably has little to no effect on height and cognition. The evidence does not support indirect benefits for untreated children from being exposed to treated children. One moderate quality long term study showed an increase in economic productivity (hours worked) and increase in educational enrollment 10 years later of mass deworming and hygiene promotion. But, it is uncertain whether these effects are due to the deworming or the combined hygiene intervention. Findings are consistent for various groups of the population by age, gender, worm prevalence, baseline nutritional status, compliance, impact on worms, infection intensity, types of worms, risk of bias, and study characteristics. Deworming for children who screened positive for schistosomiasis or soil‐transmitted helminths results in larger gains in weight but no difference in effect on height, cognition or school attendance. Also, one low to moderate quality study showed long‐term benefit on school enrolment of sanitation improvement combined with screening and treating people for hookworm infection. Abstract BackgroundSoil‐transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis, considered among the neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO), affect more than a third of the world's population, with varying intensity of infection. There is debate about the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of mass deworming of children as a strategy to improve child health in endemic areas. ObjectivesThe objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of mass deworming for soil‐transmitted helminths with or without deworming for schistosomiasis or co‐interventions on growth, educational achievement, cognition, school attendance, quality of life and adverse effects in children inendemic helminth areas.We also aimed to assess possible effect modifiers using pre‐planned subgroup analysis of age, sex, prevalence of worms and baseline nutritional status. Search strategyOur librarian scientist designed a search strategy that was reviewed by the Campbell Collaboration librarian for the following 11 electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Econlit, Internet Documents in Economics Access Service (IDEAS), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), Social Services Abstracts, Global Health CABI and CAB Abstracts, up to May 13, 2015. We also searched websites and clinical trial registers, other systematic reviews, and contacted authors and experts in the field. Study selection ...

The prevalence of maternal and child malnutrition in Nepal is among the highest in the world, despite substantial reductions in the last few decades. One effort to combat this problem is Suaahara II (SII), a multi-sectoral program implemented in 42 of Nepal’s 77 districts to improve dietary diversity (DD) and reduce maternal and child undernutrition. Using cross-sectional data from SII’s 2017 annual monitoring survey, this study explores associations between exposure to SII and maternal and child DD. The study sample included 3635 mothers with at least one child under the age of five. We focused on three primary SII intervention platforms: interpersonal communication (IPC) by frontline workers, community mobilization (CM) via events, and mass media through a weekly radio program (Bhanchhin Aama); and also created an exposure scale to assess the dose-response relationship. DD was measured both as a continuous score and as a binary measure of meeting the recommended minimum dietary diversity of consuming foods from at least 5 of 10 food groups for mothers and at least 4 of 7 food groups for children. We used linear and logistic regression models, controlling for potentially confounding factors at the individual and household level. We found a positive association between any exposure to SII platforms and maternal DD scores (b = 0.09; p = 0.05), child (aged 2–5 years) DD scores (b = 0.11; p = 0.03), and mothers meeting minimum dietary diversity (OR = 1.16; p = 0.05). There were significant, positive associations between both IPC and CM events and meeting minimum DD (IPC: OR = 1.31, p = 0.05; CM: OR = 1.37; p<0.001) and also between CM events and DD scores (b = 0.14; p = 0.03) among mothers. We found significant, positive associations between mass media and meeting minimum DD (OR: 1.38; p = 0.04) among children aged 6–24 months and between mass media and DD scores (b = 0.15; p = 0.01) among children aged 2–5 years. We also found that exposure to all three platforms, versus fewer platforms, had the strongest association with maternal DD scores (b = 0.45; p = 0.01), child (aged 2–5 years) DD scores (b = 0.41; p<0.001) and mothers meeting MDD (OR = 2.33; p<0.001). These findings suggest that a multi-pronged intervention package is necessary to address poor maternal and child dietary practices and that the barriers to behavior change for maternal diets may differ from those for child diets. They also highlight the importance of IPC and CM for behavior change and as a pre-requisite to mass media programs being effective, particularly for maternal diets.

GALIDRAA (greet, ask, listen, identify, discuss, recommend, agree, and appoint), an interpersonal communication method, is used in health and nutrition behaviour change programmes to structure communication between front-line workers (FLWs) and beneficiaries. However, programmatic experiential evidence and monitoring and evaluation of the method are scarce. Suaahara aims to address maternal and child undernutrition, in part by influencing household-level behaviours. Suaahara trained both government and programme FLWs in GALIDRAA for use during counselling. This study investigates their adherence to the GALIDRAA method 2 years later, using quantitative and qualitative data from a 2014 process evaluation study. Descriptive and thematic analyses were conducted to assess adherence to GALIDRAA. We found variation in adherence to each of the eight GALIDRAA steps among both Suaahara field supervisors (FSs) and Nepal's female community health volunteers (FCHVs). The prevalence of FLWs identifying a beneficiary's problem, discussing, questioning, and probing for constraints with the beneficiary, and, only then, recommending a doable solution, that is, the process of personalized nutrition counselling, was substantially higher among Suaahara FSs than FCHVs. However, both FCHVs and FSs counselling skills, particularly regarding adherence to each step of the GALIDRAA approach, have room for improvement. This highlights the need for additional training and post-training follow-up including supportive supervision related to appropriate counselling methods such as GALIDRAA and may indicate that there are additional FLWs constraints, beyond knowledge, that programmes need to address.