Aim Diabetes-associated glucoregulatory derangements may precipitate atherogenesis in childhood and CVD risk, particularly with obesity. We aimed to delineate lipoprotein profile differences between children with type 1 and 2 diabetes who are overweight/obese. Methods Data were obtained from electronic medical records of patients ≥85th BMI percentile with type 1 (n=159) and type 2 (n=77) diabetes, ages 12–19y. Group differences were evaluated by correlations and general linear modeling analysis, adjusting for BMI, HbA1c, and diabetes duration. Results There were no group differences in TC, LDL, or non-HDL. Fewer subjects with type 1 diabetes had low HDL (17 vs. 30%; P<0.05). While no difference in HbA1c level was observed between groups, HbA1c was positively correlated with TC (P≤0.0001), LDL (P≤0.0001), non-HDL (P≤0.0001), ApoB100 (P≤0.0001), and LDL pattern B (P≤0.0001). In adjusted models, apoB100 (85.4 vs. 91.3mg/dl; P<0.05) and incidence of LDL pattern B (21 vs. 42%; P<0.01) were lower in subjects with type 1 diabetes. BMI was inversely correlated with HDL, HDL-2 and HDL-3 (all P≤0.0001). The correlation of BMI with HDL-2 and HDL-3 were attenuated when evaluating subjects by diabetes type. Conclusions Despite having no difference in absolute LDL levels, children with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have small, dense LDL particle pattern, higher apo B100 and lower total HDL, HDL-2, and HDL-3 fractions. Furthermore, poor glycemic control was associated with abnormal lipoprotein profiles in patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Background Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) have an extremely high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. It is well-known that dyslipidemia is a subclinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. Objective To analyze presence and predicting factors of lipoprotein abnormalities prevalent in children with T1DM and whether race specific differences exists between non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) in the lipoprotein characteristics. Methods A retrospective electronic chart review including 600 (123 NHB and 477 NHW ) T1DM patients, ages 7.85 ± 3.75 years who underwent lipoprotein analysis. Results Relative to NHW counterparts, NHB T1DM subjects had a higher HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), apoB 100, lipoprotein (a), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), HDL-2 and -3. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with TC, LDL, apoB 100, and non-HDL and inversely associated with HDL, HDL-2, and HDL-3. HbA1c was positively associated with TC, LDL, apoB100, non-HDL, and HDL-3. Multilinear regression analysis demonstrated that HbA1c was positively associated with apoB 100 in both NHB and NHW, and BMI was a positive determinant of apoB 100 in NHW only. Conclusion Poor glycemic control and high BMI may contribute to abnormal lipoprotein profiles. Glycemic control (in NHB and NHW) and weight management (in NHW) may have significant implications in T1DM. ApoB100 concentrations in subjects with T1DM were determined by modifiable risk factors, BMI, HbA1C, and blood pressure, indicating the importance of adequate weight-, glycemic-, and blood pressure control for better diabetes care, and likely lower CVD risk.

Patient: Female, 30-year-old Final Diagnosis: Galactorrhea • supplement side effect Symptoms: Glactorrhea Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: General and Internal Medicine • Toxicology Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment Background: The increasing popularity and availability of herbal supplements among patients necessitates a better understanding of their mechanism of action and the effects they have on the body, both intended and unintended. Stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ) is an herbaceous shrub found throughout the world that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. Case Report: A 30-year-old woman with obesity and GERD presented to a primary care clinic with new-onset galactorrhea. A urine pregnancy test was negative. Prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a metabolic panel were all within normal limits. A mammogram demonstrated scattered areas of fibroglandular density and benign-appearing calcifications in the left breast. The breast ultrasound showed no suspicious findings. Her medications included intermittent Echinacea, etonogestrel implant 68 mg subdermal, and the supplement stinging nettle 500 mg, which she had been taking over the past month for environmental allergies. After consultation with a clinical pharmacist, the stinging nettle was discontinued. No additional changes to her medications or supplements were made. One week after discontinuation, she returned to the clinic with complete resolution of the galactorrhea. Conclusions: Stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ) is a common supplement and has effects on (1) sex hormone-binding globulin, (2) histamine-induced prolactin release, and (3) serotonin-induced release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The local estrogen bioactivity in breast tissue may subsequently lead to gynecomastia and/or galactorrhea. Supplements are an often overlooked but a critical component of medication reconciliation and potential clinical adverse effects.

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