Ralstonia solanacearum is known to be the most prominent causal agent of bacterial wilt worldwide. It has a wide host range comprising solanaceous and nonsolanaceous plants. Typical symptoms of the disease are leaf wilt, browning of vascular tissues, and collapsing of the plant. With the objective of studying the diversity of pathogens causing bacterial wilt in West Bengal, we collected samples of diseased symptomatic crops and adjacent symptomatic and asymptomatic weeds from widespread locations in West Bengal. By means of a routine molecular identification test specific to "R. solanacearum species complex", the majority of these strains (68 out of 71) were found to not be R. solanacearum. Presumptive identification of these isolates with conventional biochemicals, extensive testing of pathogenicity of a subset involving greenhouse trials fulfilling Koch's postulate test, and scanning electron microscopic analysis for the presence of pathogen in diseased plants were done. 16S rDNA sequencing of a subset of these strains (GenBank accession Nos. JX880249-JX880251) and analysis of sequences with the nBLAST programme showed a high similarity (97%-99%) to sequences of the Enterobacteriaceae group available in GenBank. Molecular phylogeny further established the taxonomic position of the strains. The 3 bacterial strain cultures have been submitted to MTCC, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India, and were identified as Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cowanii, and Klebsiella oxytoca, respectively. Although Enterobacter sp. has previously been reported to cause wilt in many plants, susceptibility of most of the dedicated hosts of R. solanacearum to wilt caused by Enterobacter and other bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae is being reported for the first time in this work.

This study focussed on identification of risk genes involved in PD through analysis of microarray data. The two methods were applied viz; WGCNA and DEGs Analysis to identify important genes that are downregulated or upregulated in PD. Both methods show high agreement with each other and also with the available biomedical literature available on this neurodegenerative disease. On the basis of their p–value, 20 significantly upregulated and 19 significantly downregulated genes were found to be playing role in the manifestation of motor and non motor symptoms of the disease, as interpreted from the enrichment analysis.Gene expression dataset of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) used in this study was obtained from the GeneExpression Omnibus namely GSE8397, GSE20164, and GSE20295 (Edgar, 2002). Among the important genes extracted, the top downregulated and upregulated genes were studied using enrichment analysis. Out of the 19 common downregulated genes, 10 were directly associated with neuron development and differentiation. Two of the genes, FGF13 and CDC42 were associated with multiple signalling pathways. The gene NSF was found to be enriched with GABAergic synapse, associated with the predominating inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. The inhibitory synapses are thought to provide a brake to neural firing.The upregulated genes DDIT4, HSPB1, NUPR1, GPNMB and CH13L1 were enriched with apoptotic signalling pathway while MT1M, MT1E, MT1F, MT1X were associated with mineral absorption pathways. Genes like CDC42 have already been reported to be potential diagnostic markers of PD in clinic (Chi et al., 2018).

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