Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) comprises multiple subtypes whose nosological and pathophysiologic interrelationships are unclear. In an attempt to better understand the relationship between the disease's major subtypes, we reviewed the characteristics of GBS cases consecutively admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, over a 13-year period. Of 175 cases, 80 (46%) were demyelinating and 55 (31%) axonal, whilst 40 (23%) had ambiguous electrophysiological findings precluding classification. The three groups differed in severity of weakness at presentation (axonal approximately ambiguous > demyelinating; P = 0.002 for arm strength and P = 0.025 for leg strength); mean age (demyelinating > axonal > ambiguous; P = 0.05); and mean cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration (demyelinating > ambiguous > axonal; P = 0.05). However, they were similar in several other respects, including gender ratio, proportion of pediatric cases, history of antecedent infection, length of hospital stay, need and duration of mechanical ventilation, and functional outcome at discharge. Stool culture data was available for 146 (83%) cases in the study; none was positive for Campylobacter jejuni. GBS in Pakistan comprises a high proportion of axonal cases. Similarity of outcomes in axonal and demyelinating variants and lack of C. jejuni stool culture positivity are atypical features.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), has caused significant morbidity and mortality globally. In addition to the respiratory manifestations seen in severe cases, multi-organ pathologies also occur, making management a much-debated issue. In addition, the emergence of new variants can potentially render vaccines with a relatively limited utility. Many investigators have attempted to elucidate the precise pathophysiological mechanisms causing COVID-19 respiratory and systemic disease. Spillover of lung-derived cytokines causing a cytokine storm is considered the cause of systemic disease. However, recent studies have provided contradictory evidence, whereby the extent of cytokine storm is insufficient to cause severe illness. These issues are highly relevant, as management approaches considering COVID-19 a classic form of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a cytokine storm could translate to unfounded clinical decisions, detrimental to patient trajectory. Additionally, the precise immune cell signatures that characterize disease of varying severity remain contentious. We provide an up-to-date review on the immune dysregulation caused by COVID-19 and highlight pertinent discussions in the scientific community. The response from the scientific community has been unprecedented regarding the development of highly effective vaccines and cutting-edge research on novel therapies. We hope that this review furthers the conversations held by scientists and informs the aims of future research projects, which will potentially further our understanding of COVID-19 and its immune pathogenesis.

Cancer survival times have increased annually owing to advances in early detection and treatment that prolong patient survival. However, increasing survivorship has underscored the observation that cancer survivors develop age-related diseases prematurely, which cause significant morbidity, health expenditures, and mortality. Many cancer survivors have been exposed to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both; despite eradicating cancer cells, these therapies also damage normal cells to accelerate biologic aging, such that a discrepancy exists between their biologic and chronologic age (1). Considerable data exist regarding the phenotypes of accelerated aging. However, mechanical and molecular uncertainties have limited the study of these manifestations in a clinical context. Our Review discusses accelerated aging phenotypes in cancer survivors and the cellular mechanisms underpinning these phenomena. We then discuss the translational evidence on how accelerated aging phenotypes, mainly related to senescence, are being targeted while highlighting areas of uncertainty for future research to address.

Gene therapy (GT) has been reported to improve bone marrow function in individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA); however, its clinical application is still in the initial stages. We conducted this systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to assess the long-term safety and clinical outcomes of GT in FA patients. Electronic searches from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were conducted and full texts of articles meeting our inclusion criteria were reviewed. Three clinical trials were included, with a total of nine patients and mean age of 10.7 ± 5.7 years. All patients had lentiviral-mediated GT. A 1-year follow-up showed stabilization in blood lineages, without any serious adverse effects from GT. A metaregression analysis could not be conducted, as very little long-term follow-up data of patients was observed, and the median survival rate could not be calculated. Thus, we can conclude that GT seems to be a safe procedure in FA; however, further research needs to be conducted on the longitudinal clinical effects of GT in FA, for a better insight into its potential to become a standard form of treatment.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has heavily mutated since the beginning of the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this regard, the so-called variants of concern (VOCs) feature mutations that confer increased transmissibility and evasion of antibody responses. The VOCs have caused significant spikes in COVID-19 cases, raising significant concerns about whether COVID-19 vaccines will protect against current and future variants. In this context, whereas the protection COVID-19 vaccines offer against the acquisition of infection appears compromised, the protection against severe COVID-19 is maintained. From an immunologic standpoint, this is likely underpinned by the maintenance of T-cell responses against VOCs. Therefore, the role of T-cells is essential to understanding the broader adaptive immune response to COVID-19, which has the potential to shape public policies on vaccine protocols and inform future vaccine design. In this review, we survey the literature on the immunology of T-cell responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the current FDA-approved and Emergency Use Authorized COVID-19 vaccines.