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With the spread of digital data around the world through the internet, the security of the data has raised a concern to the people. Many methods are coming up to protect the data from going into the hands of the unauthorized person. Steganography and cryptography are two different techniques for data security. The main purpose in cryptography is to make message concept unintelligible, while steganography aims to hide secret message. Digital images are excellent carriers of hidden information. We propose a method of combining steganography and cryptography for secret data communication. In this paper, we propose a high-performance JPEG steganography along with a substitution encryption methodology. The approach uses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) technique which used in the frequency domain for hiding encrypted data within image. Experimental results show that the visual and the statistical values of the image with encrypted data before the insertion are similar to the values after the insertion thus reduces the chance of the confidential message being detected and enables secret communication. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been estimated by computing Mean square error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).

The network provides a method of communication to distribute information to the masses. With the growth of data communication over computer network, the security of information has become a major issue. Steganography and cryptography are two different data hiding techniques. Steganography hides messages inside some other digital media. Cryptography, on the other hand obscures the content of the message. We propose a high capacity data embedding approach by the combination of Steganography and cryptography. In the process a message is first encrypted using transposition cipher method and then the encrypted message is embedded inside an image using LSB insertion method. The combination of these two methods will enhance the security of the data embedded. This combinational methodology will satisfy the requirements such as capacity, security and robustness for secure data transmission over an open channel. A comparative analysis is made to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by computing Mean square error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). We analyzed the data hiding technique using the image performance parameters like Entropy, Mean and Standard Deviation. The stego images are tested by transmitting them and the embedded data are successfully extracted by the receiver. The main objective in this paper is to provide resistance against visual and statistical attacks as well as high capacity.

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Housing constitutes a basic need for all living beings. Unfortunately, natural hazards, including floods, pose a severe threat to housing infrastructure systems. In turn, this paper develops a framework to quantify the resilience of housing infrastructure systems against flood hazards. The parameters for this resilience are based on the literature and knowledge from experts. This paper gauges the significance of each resilience parameter is evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy AHP. The evaluated values are then compared to observe the effectiveness of fuzzy AHP over AHP. The evaluated importance of each parameter will help stakeholders focus on the most important parameters and, in turn, boost the flood resilience of infrastructure. This paper then implements the developed framework in a study area to quantify local flood resilience. This resilience value will help stakeholders in the considered area to understand the resilience of local housing infrastructure.