Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) currently affects 1.2 billion people and iron deficiency without anaemia (IDWA) is at least twice as common. IDWA is poorly recognised by clinicians despite its high prevalence, probably because of suboptimal screening recommendations. Diagnosing IDWA relies on a combination of tests, including haemoglobin and ferritin levels, as well as transferrin saturation. Although the causes of iron deficiency may sometimes be obvious, many tend to be overlooked. Iron sufficiency throughout pregnancy is necessary for maternal and foetal health. Preoperative IDWA must be corrected to reduce the risk of transfusion and postoperative anaemia. Oral iron is the first-line treatment for managing IDWA; however, intravenous supplementation should be used in chronic inflammatory conditions and when oral therapy is poorly tolerated or ineffective. This review considers the causes and clinical features of IDWA, calls for greater awareness of the condition, and proposes diagnostic and management algorithms.

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The interleaved PFC topologies have been widely used since they allow for smaller components, improved thermal performance, better transients, and reduced current ripple. In this letter, conventional two-phase interleaved universal input PFC topology is modified to obtain dual independent outputs for server applications, which minimizes the transient effects of interleaving legs on each other through two split dc buses. A new digital control method using only one current sensor located on the negative dc rail is proposed to control the dual-output interleaved PFC converter. Double-loop digital control of two interleaving stages is implemented using a single low-cost microcontroller (TMS320F28027-PiccoloA). In the proposed control technique, the control circuitry, input voltage, and current sensing circuits are shared between two PFC power stages, which minimize the size and the cost of the design significantly.Index Terms-AC-DC conversion, digital control, interleaved converter, power factor correction (PFC), server power supply.

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