The utilization of carbonaceous reinforcement-based polymer matrix composites in structural applications has become a hot topic in composite research. Although conventional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) have revolutionized the composite industry by offering unparalleled features, they are often plagued with a weak interface and lack of toughness. However, the promising aspects of carbon fiber-based fiber hybrid composites and hierarchical composites can compensate for these setbacks. This review provides a meticulous landscape and recent progress of polymer matrix-based different carbonaceous (carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanodiamond) fillers reinforced composites’ mechanical properties. First, the mechanical performance of neat CFRP was exhaustively analyzed, attributing parameters were listed down, and CFRPs’ mechanical performance barriers were clearly outlined. Here, short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite was distinguished as a prospective material. Second, the strategic advantages of fiber hybrid composites over conventional CFRP were elucidated. Third, the mechanical performance of hierarchical composites based on carbon nanotube (1D), graphene (2D) and nanodiamond (0D) was expounded and evaluated against neat CFRP. Fourth, the review comprehensively discussed different fabrication methods, categorized them according to performance and suggested potential future directions. From here, the review sorted out three-dimensional printing (3DP) as the most futuristic fabrication method and thoroughly delivered its pros and cons in the context of the aforementioned carbonaceous materials. To conclude, the structural applications, current challenges and future prospects pertinent to these carbonaceous fillers reinforced composite materials were elaborated.

Whiteness is an aspect of color resultant by high luminosity with an absence of any hue (Wyszecki and Stiles 1982;Steen and Dupont 2003;Choudhury 2006). A white plane reflects more than 50% light all over the visible spectrum. The whiter appearance of the substance depends on the uniformity of the spectral reflectance and percentages of light reflection (Akgun 2015). White is an achromatic color and characterized by constant absorption from 400 to 700 nm wave length (Zollinger 2003).Cotton owns a natural color due to the protoplasmic residues of the protein as well as flavones pigments of cotton flowers (Abdel-Halim 2012). Therefore, it needs to be pretreated to produce a permanent white surface that is suitable for dyeing or any other wet process (Kabir et al. 2014). Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is mostly used bleaching agent among all other, as it can bleach both cellulose and protein fibers successfully (Trotman 1975). This chemical is stable in acidic medium but bleaches with the addition of alkali. The per-hydroxyl ion (HO 2 −

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Abstract:This article presents the pilling attitude of different cotton polyester ratio blended yarn single jersey knitting fabric after mechanical singeing. Four different blended yarn (80% cotton 20% polyester, 60% cotton 40% polyester, 52% cotton 48% polyester, 35% cotton 65% polyester) were selected and knitted in two different 180 & 120 GSM, containing 10 kg for each composition for GSM variation. All the samples were singed first on both sides of fabric, processed with scouring and bleaching and finally degree of pilling was evaluated and compared with the unsigned processed samples. The target was to compare the pilling tendency of different blends before and after singeing process. Pilling test was accomplished by ISI pilling box machine obeying ISO 12945-1:2000 standard method where eight specimens were tumbled in pilling box for 11,500 number of revolutions. Finally it was found that mechanically singed samples show good pilling grade ( 3-4) than that of without singed samples (1-2) and higher Presence of polyester fibre on blended yarn affects the pilling attitude of the fabric to a down grade for both higher and lower GSM. It was also perceived that higher GSM fabrics have more pilling tendency than lower GSM for each without singed and after singed samples.

A fuzzy prediction model has been built based on hydrogen peroxide concentration, bleaching temperature, and time of bleaching as the input variables and knitted cotton fabric bursting strength as the output variable. Fuzzy expert systems can map efficiently in nonlinear domains with minimal experimental data. The model developed in the present study has been validated by new experimental data. The root mean square, mean absolute error percentage, and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) between the predicted and experimental values were found to be 4.89, 0.707, and 0.965 respectively. The results confirm that the model can be applied successfully for the prediction of fabric bursting strength in textile dye houses.