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It has been reported that sulphated yttria-zirconia efficiently catalysed the epoxide ring opening with a variety of alcohols under solvent free conditions to give corresponding b-alkoxy alcohols. In most of the cases reaction of epoxides with 11, 21 and 31 alcohols in the presence of catalytic amounts of SO 4 2À /Y x Zr 1Àx O 2 gives exclusively one regioisomer with excellent yields. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDAX, total acidity and TGA. The protocol is highly efficient, regioselective, atom economical, greener and applicable for a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic epoxides and alcohols with excellent yields of the corresponding b-alkoxy alcohols. The catalysts show reusability for up to four consecutive catalytic cycles without any significant loss of catalytic activity.

The conventional and microwave assisted multicomponent synthesis of disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from terminal alkynes and in situ generated organic azide using copper apatite catalyst in water is reported. The catalytic activity is intimately connected to the basicity of the catalyst. The best activities were observed with the copper hydroxyapatite. The catalyst could be used ten times without further treatment and activation under controlled microwave heating. The protocol was also applicable for various alkynes and halides which affords desired product in good to excellent yield.

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An efficient and expedient protocol for the synthesis of benzyl phosphonates using KI/K2CO3 as a catalytic system and PEG-400 as benign solvent has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature achieving excellent selectivity and yield of the corresponding products. The combination of PEG-400, KI, and K2CO3 in this reaction avoids the need of volatile/toxic organic solvents and reactive alkali metals or metal nanoparticles/hydrides. We believe that this benign combination (PEG-400 and KI) could be used for other related organic transformations.