ABSTRACT… Objectives:To determine the prevalence of pre diabetes in students of Ayub Medical College and associated risk factors. Study Design: Prospective study. Period: Jan 2016 to Jun 2016. Setting: Ayub Medical College. Materials and Methodology: 130 students participated after simple random sampling technique. Different variables were studied and initially were entered on a pre-formed proforma and then SPSS 17.0 version were used for data analysis. Results: 15(11.54%) of the students were suffering from pre diabetes. Among them 11(8.46%) were males while 4(3.07%) were females. 50 (38.46%) students had a positive family history of diabetes whereas 80 (61.54%) had no family history. 111(85.38%) of the students in study were non-smokers and Only 40(30.77%) students were doing regular exercise. Conclusion: A significant prevalence of pre-diabetes in young adults is a matter of concern therefore all young adults need to be targeted for screening of pre diabetes and lifestyle modification.

Introduction: Pakistan, a country with a 27 high burden countries of multidrug resistance tuberculosis. To predict the associated risk factors and proportion of loss to follow up among MDR-TB patients treated at PMDT sites of Punjab from 2017 to 2019. Methodology: This case control study based on the standardized reporting and recording case record forms called as Electronic Nominal Review System (ENRS) of National TB Control Program, Pakistan. A logistic regression model was used to assess risk factors of lost to follow up MDR-TB patients. Results: A total of 539 patients with MDR-TB were included in the final analysis. Among them, 207 patients (7.5%) had lost to follow up outcome at the end of the study. MDR-TB lost to follow up patients were more likely to report older age (AOR: 1.40, CI: 1.14-1.71, p=0.000), history of lost to follow up from first line drugs treatment (AOR: 0.39, CI: 0.28-0.56, p=0.000), co-morbid (AOR:1.54, CI: 1.24-1.91, p=0.000), adverse reaction of second line drugs (AOR: 0.45, CI: 0.37-0.56, p=0.000), long distance between patient’s home and PMDT site (AOR: 0.68, CI: 0.52-0.89, p=0.001). Conclusion: The history of lost to follow up from first line drugs treatment, co-morbid, older age and long distance were independent risk factors of MDR-TB. Proper training for PMDT sites staff, friendly follow up services and psychological counseling may help to reduce lost to follow up.

ABSTRACT… Objectives:Nursing staff is at potential danger of getting HCV infection. Objective of present study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis C among nurses in Lahore, Pakistan. It also aimed to estimate the HCV genotypes and find out any relationship between their working area and the incidence of HCV infection. Setting: Various public and private hospitals of Lahore. Period: January 2013 to December 2013. Subjects and Method: This study comprised 186 Nurses. All the samples were processed for Anti-HCV antibody detection through ELISA by using third generation ELISA Kit. Genotyping was also performed on all positive samples. In this study the data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total of 186 nurses were enrolled and screened for Anti HCV in the study. The mean age of reactive and non reactive nurses was 22.33±1.15 and 23.66±1.97 years, respectively. Working experience in surgical wards, habits for going to beauty salon as well as the purpose for which nurses visited beauty salon was significantly associated with HCV status. i.e. p-value<0.05. Out of 9 reactive nurses, 8 patient nurses had 3a viral genotype while 01 patient had un-typeable viral genotype. Conclusion: In our study nine nurses have HCV infection and are at danger of the disease. The working area especially surgical wards is a source of infection of HCV.

Objectives: Nursing staff is at potential danger of getting HCV infection. Objectiveof present study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis C amongnurses in Lahore, Pakistan. It also aimed to estimate the HCV genotypes and find out anyrelationship between their working area and the incidence of HCV infection. Setting: Variouspublic and private hospitals of Lahore. Period: January 2013 to December 2013. Subjectsand Method: This study comprised 186 Nurses. All the samples were processed for Anti-HCVantibody detection through ELISA by using third generation ELISA Kit. Genotyping was alsoperformed on all positive samples. In this study the data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total of 186 nurses were enrolledand screened for Anti HCV in the study. The mean age of reactive and non reactive nurses was22.33±1.15 and 23.66±1.97 years, respectively. Working experience in surgical wards, habitsfor going to beauty salon as well as the purpose for which nurses visited beauty salon wassignificantly associated with HCV status. i.e. p-value<0.05. Out of 9 reactive nurses, 8 patientnurses had 3a viral genotype while 01 patient had un-typeable viral genotype. Conclusion: Inour study nine nurses have HCV infection and are at danger of the disease.Theworking areaespecially surgical wards is a source of infection of HCV.

Objective: To estimate the predictors of death during intensive phase of Multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment according to the weight of patients at the time of diagnosed. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at three public hospitals in the Lahore, Punjab region, namely Jinnah Hospital, Mayo Hospital and Gulab Devi Hospital on 1,496 patients receiving treatment for MDR-TB from January 2018 to December 2020. Data were collected from electronically nominating and recording system of the hospitals. Data were fitted to Cox proportional hazards regression model with 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the associations between predictors of death and weight of MDR-TB patients during the intensive phase of treatment. Results: This analysis revealed a MDR-TB mortality rate of 30% and the mortality rate due to MDR-TB during the intensive phase of treatment was 23%. The variables related to increased mortality among underweight patients were age more than 60 years (HR: 0.398, 95% CI: 0.314-0.504) , diabetes (HR: 1.496, 95% CI: 1.165-1.921), current smoking (HR: 0.465, 95% CI: 0.222-0.973), history of MDR-TB (HR: 0.701, 95% CI: 0.512-0.959) and culture positive at the time of diagnosed (HR: 0.499, 95% CI: 0.379-0.659) during the intensive phase of treatment. Conclusion: The high mortality rate among the underweight MDR-TB patients during the intensive phase of the treatment requires the nutritional support for malnourishment and ensured a close follow-up of the elderly patients with co-morbidities as well as family history of Tuberculosis. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.4.7025 How to cite this: Akhtar AM, Kanwal S, Majeed S, Majeed W. Weight variation increases the risk of death during the intensive phase of treatment among MDR-TB patients: A retrospective study. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.4.7025 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.