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Sri Lanka provides more than 50% share of the Tea as a beverage in the world market, but tea estate families are some of the poorest in the country. They live in line houses with deteriorated conditions. Providing adequate housing in the urban, rural and estate sectors is a major challenge. The National Housing Policy 2019 (NHP2019) has sought to address this issue based on principles of participatory planning and social inclusion, economic effectiveness, environmental protection, and cultural adequacy. Purpose of this research is to evaluate the NHP2019 in terms of the tea plantation sector and to assess whether the policy successfully addresses housing issues of this sector. The study is based on three case studies of Diagama estate, Thalangaha estate and Gee-Kiyana Kanda estate. Further it evaluates the NHP2019, in terms of appropriateness of the problem identification, developing the solution (policy formulation) and effectiveness on real ground application (policy implementation) using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collection involved a questionnaire survey with a proportionate sample of 172 households selected from three estates, an expert opinion survey with eight experts, and eight focus group discussions. The qualitative analysis was based on a content analysis using NVivo 11 software, and correlations and descriptive statistics were used for the quantitative analysis. The findings revealed that the NHP has not given due attention to the concerns of tea producers at the problem identification and policy formulation stages. There are also limitations of implementation such as no action on previous line rooms, land tenure, limitation on small loan programmes, productive land use for housing construction, issues in fund allocation and infrastructure provision. This research highlights the importance of policy reviews and revisions, which is rare in the practice of Sri Lanka.

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Sri Lanka, being a developing country, currently undergoes high influx of population, rapid infrastructure developments and increasing urbanization. These have paved the way for the increase of solid waste generation rates in the country. However, the majority of the Sri Lankan cities have failed to manage their waste sustainably due to lack of proper management system. Assessment of the existing solid waste management system would be an important step towards developing a sustainable SWMS in the future for these cities. In this context, this study aims to investigate the performances of public and private sector waste management systems, to learn from each sector by identifying the positive and negative aspects of their performances and to identify the ways that can uplift the entire solid waste management system sustainably. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the Negombo municipal council area whereas Multi-criteria analysis was incorporated as the main analysis technique. Findings revealed that, Private sector has better performance in economic and social measures than the Public sector whereas the Public sector has better performance in environmental measures. Accordingly, findings suggest that public private partnerships, performance measuring, regulating and benefit and risk sharing mechanisms should be incorporated towards the long-term sustainability of future SWMS.