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With 4-fluorostyrene as the starting material, symmetric/asymmetric fluorine-containing aza-difluoroboradiaza-s-indacenes (aza-BODIPYs) 3-6 at 1/7-position were successfully prepared. NaN 3 undertook nucleophilic aromatic substitution via replacement of F atoms of 4 to form the N 3 /NH 2-containing aza-BODIPYs 9 and 10. The solid-state structure of aza-BODIPY 4 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis, the F-C Ph bond distance of which was found to be shorter than those of the reported fluoride. These aza-BODIPYs absorb and emit in

Optical imaging is an emerging technology capable of qualitatively and quantitatively observing life processes at the cellular or molecular level and plays a significant role in cancer detection. In particular, to overcome the disadvantages of traditional optical imaging that only two-dimensionally and qualitatively detect biomedical information, the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology is intensively explored to provide 3D quantitative information, such as localization and distribution and tumor cell volume. To retrieve these information, light propagation models that reflect the interaction between light and biological tissues are an important prerequisite and basis for 3D optical imaging. This review concentrates on the recent advances in hybrid light propagation models, with particular emphasis on their powerful use for 3D optical imaging in cancer detection. Finally, we prospect the wider application of the hybrid light propagation model and future potential of 3D optical imaging in cancer detection.