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The chapter discusses the methods effective for the extraction of useful energy from the macroalgae biomass including liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, fermentation to biobutanol, trans-esterification to biodiesel, pyrolysis, direct combustion, fermentation to bioethanol, and gasification. However, if the algae are suited for the production of biodiesel, they can be studied from the content of their triacylglycerols (TAGs). Due to having high fatty acid content, they have a high conversion rate to biodiesel, and the lack of sulphur, phosphorus, and nitrogen also aids in the conversion. This chapter highlights the limitations and suitability of macroalgae for the conversion process in reference to chemical composition, process optimization, and cost effectiveness. It is concluded that bio-oils and bioethanol produced from wet macroalgae are considered over biodiesel production because of high lipid content of microalgae biomass. Moreover, the chapter considers electricity production from the dry mass as it would turn profitable, and this can be achieved from fast-growing macroalgae like “Ulva.”

Biogas is a renewable natural gas used in production of energy which is generated by breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic digestion. It is a composition of methane, carbon dioxide, and some other gases in small quantities. The most common natural resources for production of biogas are aquatic sediments, animal waste, crop residues, wastewater sludge, and many others. Some other sources are landfills, water lagoons, etc., which are a result of human activity. There are several technologies used for biogas production, mainly biodigesters, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill gas recovery systems. Production of biogas is highly dependent on the feedstock availability and the policy support by the government.

The tanning Industry is considered to be a major source of pollution and tannery wastewater in particular is a potential environmental concern. Wastewaters produced by tanneries contain high concentration of inorganic and organic pollutant. The pollutants of concern within the tanning industry include Azodyes, Cadmium compounds, Cobalt, Copper, Antimony, Barium, Lead, Selenium, Mercury, Zinc, Arsenic, Polychlorinated Biphyenls (PCB), Nickel, Formaldehyde resins, and Pesticides residues. Because tannery wastewater contains a complexity of pollutants including chromium and chlorinated phenols as indicated earlier, it is vital to dissect the toxic nature of such wastewater both to understand its environmental impacts and identify potential remediation strategies. Furthermore, there are strict regulations imposed for the environmental control of pollutants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. In this chapter, the authors discuss the demethylation process of Arsenic and Nickel from Tannery Effluent.

The tanning Industry is considered to be a major source of pollution and tannery wastewater in particular is a potential environmental concern. Wastewaters produced by tanneries contain high concentration of inorganic and organic pollutant. The pollutants of concern within the tanning industry include Azodyes, Cadmium compounds, Cobalt, Copper, Antimony, Barium, Lead, Selenium, Mercury, Zinc, Arsenic, Polychlorinated Biphyenls (PCB), Nickel, Formaldehyde resins, and Pesticides residues. Because tannery wastewater contains a complexity of pollutants including chromium and chlorinated phenols as indicated earlier, it is vital to dissect the toxic nature of such wastewater both to understand its environmental impacts and identify potential remediation strategies. Furthermore, there are strict regulations imposed for the environmental control of pollutants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. In this chapter, the authors discuss the demethylation process of Arsenic and Nickel from Tannery Effluent.