ObjectivesTo evaluate the usefulness of the contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) in diagnosing focal liver lesions (FLLs) by inexperienced radiologists.MethodsImages and clinical data from 258 patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent CEUS were collected retrospectively. Two trained inexperienced radiologists and 2 experienced radiologists reviewed all CEUS clips. Each inexperienced radiologist assigned a CEUS LI‐RADS category for each observation and labeled it benign or malignant independently. Each experienced radiologist labeled each lesion malignant or benign independently using a conventional diagnostic method. Interobserver agreement of CEUS LI‐RADS was analyzed by the κ test. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the LI‐RADS category and conventional diagnosis was described by the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. All test results were considered significant at P < .05.ResultsA κ value of 0.774 indicated that the CEUS LI‐RADS algorithm resulted in substantial consistency between the inexperienced radiologists. For the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were improved significantly in inexperienced radiologists using the CEUS LI‐RADS compared to conventional methods. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the experienced radiologists was almost equal to that of CEUS LI‐RADS categories assigned by the inexperienced radiologists.ConclusionsThe CEUS LI‐RADS algorithm can not only obtain substantial consistency among inexperienced radiologists but also have excellent diagnostic efficacy in the differentiation of benign from malignant FLLs compared to conventional methods. As a comprehensive algorithm, the CEUS LI‐RADS can act as a guide for trainees in learning how to diagnose FLLs.

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Anchoring transition metal (TM) atoms on suitable substrates to form single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is a novel approach to constructing electrocatalysts. Graphdiyne with sp−sp2 hybridized carbon atoms and uniformly distributed pores have been considered as a potential carbon material for supporting metal atoms in a variety of catalytic processes. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study the single TM atom anchoring on graphdiyne (TM1−GDY, TM=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co and Cu) as the catalysts for CO2 reduction. After anchoring metal atoms on GDY, the catalytic activity of TM1−GDY (TM=Mn, Co and Cu) for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) are significantly improved comparing with the pristine GDY. Among the studied TM1−GDY, Cu1−GDY shows excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction for which the product is HCOOH and the limiting potential (UL) is −0.16 V. Mn1−GDY and Co1−GDY exhibit superior catalytic selectivity for CO2 reduction to CH4 with UL of −0.62 and −0.34 V, respectively. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by TM1−GDY (TM=Mn, Co and Cu) occurs on carbon atoms, while the active sites of CO2RR are the transition metal atoms . The present work is expected to provide a solid theoretical basis for CO2 conversion into valuable hydrocarbons.