The plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) Raoultella planticola Rs-2 was encapsulated with the various blends of alginate, starch, and bentonite for development of controlled-release formulations. The stability and release characteristics of these different capsule formulations were evaluated. The entrapment efficiency of Rs-2 in the beads (capsules) was more than 99%. The diameter of dry beads ranged from 0.98 to 1.41 mm. The bacteria release efficiency, swelling ratio, and biodegradability of the different bead formulations were enhanced by increasing the starch or alginate contents, but were impeded by higher bentonite content. The release kinetics of viable cells from capsules and the swelling ratio of capsules were studied in simulated soil media of varying temperature, moisture, pH, and salt content. The release of loaded Rs-2 cells and swelling of capsules are greatly affected by moisture, temperature, pH and salt content of the release medium. The release of viable Rs-2 cells from capsules was positively associated with the swelling properties of the capsules. The release of Rs-2 cells occurred through a Case II diffusion mechanism. In summary, this work indicates that alginate-starch-bentonite blends are a viable option for the development of efficient controlled-release formulations of Rs-2 biofertilizer, and which could have a promising application in natural field conditions.

A novel slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with high-water absorbency (SRNFWA) was prepared by cross-linking poly (acrylic acid-acrylic amide)/bentonite and urea. The synthesis conditions were studied systematically and optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, the effects of the concentration of cross-linker, initiator, bentonite, and degree of neutralization of acrylic acid on WA were investigated. The SRNFWA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of SEM showed the undulant and coarse surface, facilitated the permeation of nutrition into the polymeric network. We also investigated the slow release property and release mechanism of the nitrogen from the network structure,

The objective of this study was to evaluate a total parotidectomy performed through a face-lift incision integrated with a temporal fascia flap. We have accomplished a group of 40 cases of total parotidectomy from July 2008 to May 2013. Twenty-two cases accepted a modified performance which combined rhytidectomy incision with temporal fascia flap. The other 18 cases were fulfilled by Blair incision and no reconstruction of parotid bed as control. The patients were followed up every 6 months. In the interviews, the assessment of the operation from patients was recorded. The cosmetic gratification, presence or absence of gustatory flushing or sweating, and functional reversion of facial nerve and great auricular nerve were surveyed by 3 investigators. The criteria that integrated the subjective with objective items were stipulated for evaluation. Gustatory sweating had been identified in 0% and 44% of patients of the testing and control group, respectively. The average scale of the experimental and control group postoperatively was 7.89 and 5.93 individually. The difference of the average scale between testing and control group presented statistical significance. The author's technique is either aesthetically satisfying or efficacious to prevention of gustatory sweating in total parotidectomy.

BackgroundFor cervical carcinoma cases, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans optimized by biological constraints. Furthermore, a new integrated strategy in biological planning module was proposed and verified.MethodsTwenty patients of advanced stage cervical carcinoma were enrolled in this study. For each patient, dose volume optimization (DVO), biological model optimization (BMO) and integrated strategy optimization (ISO) plans were created using same treatment parameters. Different biological models were also used for organ at risk (OAR) in BMO plans, which include the LKB and Poisson models. Next, BMO plans were compared with their corresponding DVO plans, in order to evaluate BMO plan quality. ISO plans were also compared with DVO and BMO plans, in order to verify the performance of the integrated strategy.ResultsBMO plans produced slightly inhomogeneity and less coverage of planning target volume (PTV) (V95=96.79, HI = 0.10: p < 0.01). However, the tumor control probability (TCP) value, both from DVO and BMO plans, were comparable. For the OARs, BMO plans produced lower normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of rectum (NTCP = 0.11) and bladder (NTCP = 0.14) than in the corresponding DVO plans (NTCP = 0.19 and 0.18 for rectum and bladder; p < 0.01 for rectum and p = 0.03 for bladder). V95, D98, CI and HI values that were produced by ISO plans (V95 = 98.31, D98 = 54.18Gy, CI = 0.76, HI = 0.09) were greatly better than BMO plans (V95 = 96.79, D98 = 53.42Gy, CI = 0.71, HI = 0.10) with significant differences. Furthermore, ISO plans produced lower NTCP values of rectum (NTCP = 0.14) and bladder (NTCP = 0.16) than DVO plans (NTCP = 0.19 and 0.18 for rectum and bladder, respectively) with significant differences.ConclusionsBMO plans produced lower NTCP values of OARs compared to DVO plans for cervical carcinoma cases, and resulted in slightly less target coverage and homogeneity. The integrated strategy, proposed in this study, could improve the coverage, conformity and homogeneity of PTV greater than the BMO plans, as well as reduce the NTCP values of OARs greater than the DVO plans.