[1] Based on observations and ocean reanalysis, this study analyzes the variability of salinity and its related ocean dynamics in the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO). The results show significant interannual variability of salinity associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode in the boreal fall. During the positive phase of IOD (pIOD), when anomalous easterly winds prevail, westward advection along the equator strengthens in summer, while the eastward advection associated with the Yoshida-Wyrtki Jet weakens in fall. Analysis of salinity budget indicates that salinity anomalies are mainly due to advection, of which zonal component is dominant. As zonal current anomalies are symmetric with respect to the equator, the equatorward large northern IO zonal salinity gradient is more important than the current anomalies in determining the asymmetric distribution of low-salinity advection. During the mature phase of pIOD, low-salinity water is advected westward, which in turn shoals the surface mixed layer, thereby providing a favorable condition for warmer seasurface temperature in the western equatorial IO. During the decay phase of pIOD, lowsalinity water is advected across the equator to the southwestern IO. When pIOD concurs along with El Niño, the strengthened off-equatorial anticyclonic circulations, which is associated with El Niño, advect low-salinity water poleward after the decay phase.

An ideal fluorescent probe should show the strongest affinity with the relevant target (binding-selectivity) by means of a selective fluorescence change (signal-selectivity). [15]aneNO(2)S(2) (1,4-dioxa-7,13-dithia-10-azacyclopentadecane) based probes usually show high binding selectivity for Ag(+) but signal selectivity for Hg(2+), because Ag(+) can quench or silence the fluorescence. To amplify the Ag(+) binding to the greatest extent, a carbonyl group was positioned between 1,8-naphthalimide and [15]aneNO(2)S(2) which played a key role of displaying selective fluorescence enhancements with Ag(+) through increasing the oxidation potential of the fluorophore, blocking Ag(+) from sterically interacting with the naphthalimide fluorophore, and by acting as a sacrificial donor. Probe 2 can detect Ag(+) with a selective fluorescence enhancement (∼14 fold) and high affinity (K(a) = 1.64 × 10(5) M(-1)).

Interannual variability of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the subtropical southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) is investigated using satellite observations in three regions in the 20°S–35°S latitude band: R1 (108°E–115°E), R2 (100°E–108°E), and R3 (60°E–100°E). The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays an important role in modulating the interannual variability of EKE in the SEIO. EKE in the three regions shows negative correlations with the Nino3.4, lagging Nino3.4 by 2, 14, and 22 months, respectively. In R1, the ENSO modulates the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of meridional velocity shear between the upper poleward Leeuwin Current (LC) and the underlying equatorward Leeuwin Undercurrent (LUC). During La Niña (El Niño) year, both the poleward LC and equatorward LUC strengthened (weakened) due to the high (low) sea level anomaly (SLA) propagating from the Pacific Ocean as Rossby wave under geostrophic equilibrium, and baroclinic instability of vertical shear enhanced (slackened), further induced the strong (weak) EKE in the eastern boundary. In R2, the ENSO modulates the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of zonal velocity shear between the central and southern branches of the upper eastward South Indian Countercurrent (SICC) and the lower extending westward South Equatorial Current (SEC). In R3, both the ENSO and the Southern Annual Mode modulate the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of zonal velocity shear between the SICC and SEC. The interannual variability of EKE in the interior SEIO could be influenced by westward propagation of EKE originated from eastern boundary.