Background: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - 7 aimed to reduce by half the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Without access to clean water and basic toilets, and without good hygiene practices, a child’s survival, growth and development are at risk. This study was conducted to assess the drinking water management and handling practices at household level of Sullia Taluk of Karnataka which would give an insight into drinking water management and handling practices in this area.  Also the present study is planned to determine the sanitary practices in the households of Sullia Taluk. Methods: 260 houses were sampled using a probability proportionate to sampling size . A cross sectional study was done using a semistructured questionnaire to assess water handling, water management and sanitary practices. Free chlorine in the water was assessed by O- Toluidine. Results: Main source of drinking water was protected dug well in 31.5% and 75.3% did not have any alternate source of drinking water. 92% of those who stored water in overhead tanks and sumps did not clean them within seven days. 14% of the households did not use any of the water treatment methods before drinking. There was no free chlorine in the water of any of the households . 4% did not wash their hands with soap post-defecation. 28% of the households threw their waste indiscriminately around their house. 92% had cattle in close proximity to their house. None of the households practiced open field defecation. Conclusions: Health education is very important to prevent the incidences of water and sanitation related diseases. Emphasis needs to be given to behavioural change communication to create awareness among the households regarding the importance of water and sanitation practices.

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Immunization is one of the most cost effective public health interventions; eradicated small pox in the past and now polio has been stopped in all countries except for 2: Afghanistan and Pakistan. It averts an estimated 3 million deaths annually. Despite the success, globally, in 2015 an estimated 19.4 million infants did not receive even basic routine immunization services and yearly ~1.5 million children die of VPD. 1 Since the inception of EPI in 1978, India is consistently trying to raise and sustain the coverage ≥90% with 6 basic vaccines passing through UIP in 1985, CSSM in 1992, part of RCH in 1997 / NRHM in 2005, introduction of Measles 2 nd dose in 2010. 2 Coverage is not uniform ABSTRACT Background: Since the inception of EPI in 1978, India is consistently trying to achieve and sustain high vaccination coverage. The objectives were to detect population immunity gap in the catchment area of RHTC through the offline tool-immunogram and to evolve the shortest period required for closing this gap using immunogram and supportive supervision. Methods: A short term interventional field study from December 2012 to April 2013 done in RHTC of KVG Medical College. Children born since 1 st April 2010 were line-listed chronologically in the "immunogram" which can both record vaccination data and measure programme indicatorshence the name. Data analyzed and baseline indicators obtained. Sustained Supportive Supervision provided was documented at the RHTC. The study ended on 31st March 2013 on clearance of the backlog coinciding with the launch of pentavalent-replacing DPT + HepB from 1 st April 2013 in Karnataka. Results: RHTC is a good performing planning unit with high baseline coverage; ~90% for primary vaccination. Significant impact was seen with measles 1, DPT/OPV booster dose and Measles 2nd dose which increased from 89 to 97%, 85 to 95% and 55 to 94% respectively in consecutive intensified regular sessions in 3 months. Conclusions: Immunogram precisely detected the immunity gap in a good performing planning unit and rapidly closed the gap in just 3 months, realizing the theme of WHO world immunization week 2016close the immunization gap. The planning unit graduated from good to better forever.