In this work, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesised by hydrothermal method. This hydrothermally synthesised product has been characterised by powder X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for the study of crystal structure and morphology/size. FE-SEM image revealed that ZnO NPs are spherical in shape with a diameter of 20-30 nm. The photoluminescence study of these NPs revealed that ZnO NPs consist of three emission peaks at 401, 482 and 524 nm. The UV emission peak at 401 nm is the band edge emission; however, the blue-green emission at 482 nm and green emission at 524 nm is related to defects. These ZnO NPs are used during the seed germination and root growth of Cicer arietinum. The effect of ZnO NPs has been observed on the seed germination and root growth of C. arietinum seeds. The effect of these ZnO NPs on the reactivity of phytohormones, especially indole acetic acid (IAA) involved in the phytostimulatory actions, is also carried out. Due to oxygen vacancies, the oxygen deficient, i.e. zinc-rich ZnO NPs increased the level of IAA in roots (sprouts), which in turn indicate the increase in the growth rate of plants as zinc is an essential nutrient for plants.

Although lateral retinacular releases are not uncommon, there is very little scientific knowledge about the properties of these tissues, on which to base a rationale for the surgery. We hypothesised that we could identify specific tissue bands and measure their structural properties. Eight fresh-frozen knees were dissected, and the lateral soft tissues prepared into three distinct structures: a broad tissue band linking the iliotibial band (ITB) to the patella, and two capsular ligaments: patellofemoral and patellomeniscal. These were individually tensile tested to failure by gripping the patella in a vice jaw and the soft tissues in a freezing clamp. Results: the ITB–patellar band was strongest, at a mean of 582 N, and stiffest, at 97 N/mm. The patellofemoral ligament failed at 172 N with 16 N/mm stiffness; the patellomeniscal ligament failed at 85 N, with 13 N/mm stiffness. These structural properties suggest that most of the load in-vivo is transmitted to the patella by the transverse fibres that originate from the ITB.

Humeral head chondrolysis and osteonecrosis of the glenoid have been reported; however, there is no report to date about humeral head osteonecrosis following arthroscopic shoulder procedure. We report a case of osteonecrosis of the humeral head following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair what we believe is probably secondary to disruption of its blood supply after placement of multiple metallic suture anchors. The surgical records were also reviewed in an attempt to identify the cause of the humeral head osteonecrosis.

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