The association between inflammation and cancer has been established in certain forms of human malignancies; however, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. The present study investigates a possible association between chronic inflammation and the development of epithelial neoplasia in the prostate. Needle biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with serum prostate-specific antigen levels >4 ng/ml, evaluated for morphological findings, and immunostained for Bcl-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Bcl-2 is a survival protein that appears to lie at a nodal point in pathways involved in cell survival, carcinogenesis, and development of therapeutic resistance in certain cancer types. Similarly, PCNA is a critical protein for DNA replication, repair of DNA damage, chromatin structure maintenance, chromosome segregation and cell-cycle progression. The association between these two proteins was examined in prostate tissues with and without chronic inflammation, as well as tissues with and without evidence of neoplastic changes. Of the 106 needle biopsies examined, 18% exhibited atrophy with inflammation. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy/post-atrophic hyperplasia were observed in 42%, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in 8%, prostatic adenocarcinoma in 11%, and 2% had atypical acinar proliferation suspicious for malignancy. A total of 36 specimens were stained for Bcl-2 and PCNA. Bcl-2 was expressed widely in inflammatory and epithelial tissue; however, more intense expression was observed in the areas of chronic inflammation, predominantly in infiltrating immune cells. The highest proliferation index was observed in the epithelia of HGPIN and cancer. An inverse correlation between the expression of Bcl-2 and the expression of PCNA was observed in the epithelium. The areas of chronic inflammation were associated with increased Bcl-2 expression, whereas the highly proliferative epithelium minimally expressed Bcl-2. These results suggest that Bcl-2 alters the phenotype of particular epithelial cells with a gain in neoplastic characteristics, leading to a likely precursor that may later progress into HGPIN and cancer.
The relationship between inflammation and prostate cancer has not been established, although chronic inflammation has frequently been identified in prostate biopsies, radical prostatectomy and benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens. In the peripheral zone of the prostate, sometimes adjacent to foci of high-grade PIN and cancer, certain morphologic changes are often identified, which may represent active and terminal phases of chronic inflammation. These changes are designated as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and post atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), and their morphology is well documented. In our previous studies, we have identified chronic inflammation as a putative contributor to neoplastic progression in prostate epithelial cells, and hypothesized that its adverse effects were related to an increase in Bcl2, a survival protein involved in cell survival and carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that changes in the stromal microenvironment, characterized by infiltration of immune cells, with generation of reactive oxygen species, can induce oxidative stress in the surrounding proliferating epithelium and cause permanent genomic alterations. In the present study, we focused on several key proteins involved in the inflammatory process, COX2 and iNOS; cell survival, Bcl2 and GSTPπ; and evaluated immunohistochemical expression of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) and basal cell-specific markers 34βE12 and/or p63 to evaluate possible neoplastic alterations in epithelial cells in an inflammatory environment. We evaluated 16 prostate core needle biopsy specimens that exhibited the presence of chronic inflammation as well as PIA and PAH lesions along with immunohistochemical staining for various markers was performed in each set of biopsies. The integrity of the basal layer was maintained in the area of chronic inflammation with high expression of p63 in 72% of these cells. Approximately 68% of luminal cells expressed high to moderate levels of iNOS and COX-2, whereas 55% of these cells express modest levels of GSTP1 and Bcl2. Interestingly, prostatic glands near the areas of chronic inflammation in the PIA lesions exhibit high AMACR expression in luminal cells and weak to patchy p63 expression in basal cells, which was associated with increased expression of the inflammatory markers COX2 and iNOS, as well as loss in pro-survival signal GSTP1 and Bcl2 in the adjacent luminal cells. These neoplastic alterations were observed in 6/16 (38%) of the needle biopsy specimens. Our findings suggest that basal cells undergo alterations in a setting of chronic inflammation. This is important because basal cells are considered to be progenitor cells capable of differentiating into secretory luminal cells, but under the influence of chronic inflammation, they may instead transform into the neoplastic cells that characterize high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Shardul C. Soni, Michael Glover, Qinghu Ren, Gregory T. MacLennan, Pingfu Fu, Sanjay Gupta. Chronic inflammation contributes to neoplastic progression in prostate tissue: a needle biopsy study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 492. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-492
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