Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process concerning the formation of digital representations of the physical and functional features of built spaces. A significant increase of the BIM utilization in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector are becoming more accessible and functional. The BIM methodology was developed in order to provide an effective system for building management as well as to organize the collaboration between different parties. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is maintained by buildingSMART; enable an interoperable format for exchanging BIM data between different software platform which is capable of restoring both geometric information and rich semantic information of building components to support lifecycle data sharing. BIM provides a detailed 3D geometrical model with rich semantic data. In contrast, Geography Information Science (GIS) offers powerful spatial analytical tools. As the benefits brought by the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are being proved by many researchers, further spatial analysis can be applied that can benefit indoor-outdoor integrated applications. Recent research has mainly discussed the process required for data conversion from BIM to GIS. Thus, more specifics requirements on the functionalities of a 3D indoor applications need to be considered. In this study, the use of BIM IFC for 3D indoor GIS was reviewed, especially on the data conversation, data management, and 3D spatial analysis. The aim of this paper is to reveal the 3D indoor GIS requirements for space management. Therefore, the requirements were analyzed in four aspects: 1) data level integration; 2) data management; 3) 3D indoor GIS analysis; and 4) 3D space management. 3D space management was developed according to the requirement. Future research will be testing the conversion data in a GIS environment, the data structure for the 3D indoor GIS will be designed and a prototype will be developed to demonstrate the spatial analysis functionalities for 3D space management.

The integration between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is frequently discussed from time to time due to the benefits offered, especially for user navigation in the building’s indoor environment. Inequality in terms of 3D geometry and level of detail was identified as contributing to the difficulty in integrating the two models. Although there are limitations, various studies have been conducted to improve the method of integration so that the data can be utilised successfully. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing relevant research papers to (1) identify the basic information and structure of BIM and GIS models, (2) study the relationship and integration that occurs between the two types of models at the model geometry level, and (3) identify the application of the user navigation to the indoor building environment and highlight the future direction for the integration of BIM and GIS study. From this study, it can be identified that the standardised geometry schemes are the keys to the success of BIM and GIS integration. It can indirectly enhance the interoperability of data and helps in the development of a holistic data model for a broader scope of application. Particularly in the era of rapid development of machine learning, deep learning and internet of things (IoT) technology, where the application of integrated products through semantic web methods is seen to have an expansive room to grow significantly for location-based services (LBS) and emergency application.

Navigation, also known as discovering one’s direction, is a complex human activity. To produce effective routes, it relies on knowledge of the surroundings’ precise geometry and semantic information. Complex geometrical data can be precisely delineated with the improvement of 3D geometric models. A precise 3D geometric model containing a specifically built-in Building Information Modelling (BIM) environment can be integrated into the Geographical Information System platform for indoor path generation to satisfy the requirements of indoor location-based services. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach to evaluate a 3D indoor topology network called a lattice topology data model (LTDM) for the floor-level paths in a 3D multipatch-based model. The LTDM requires the geometric information of the integrated BIM model to identify the indoor space and bounding lines for indoor network generation. The novelty of this study is in the application of the replacement of cell values into vector length for pathfinding through a combination of the Poincaré duality theorem and Dijkstra’s algorithm. The Campus Infrastructure Building model was chosen to validate the proposed method. Multiple space centroid pairs within the floor level were randomly selected to identify the shortest path using the LTDM principle. Paths drawn from the Medial Axis Transformation were compared with LTDM-generated paths for availability testing. The average floor-level path availability was 112% due to the generation of extra paths reflecting real-life situations. The LTDM paths were compared with on-site measurements for accuracy tests, and the average error rate was 3.18%. The results show that the implementation of the LTDM generates an excellent topology data network.

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The process of evacuating users in emergency management is very important, in line with the development of a sustainable multi-level structure. It is challenging because they are tied to things beyond control such as user behavior and dynamic factors of an accident. This study is conducted to design and evaluate the user evacuation process in a 3D environment. It involves three phases namely data integration phase, topology development and testing, and simulation analysis. Methods of integrating 3D BIM models into 3D GIS were tested and the integration method from Revit to Feature Manipulation Engine (FME) to Multipatch Shapefile was chosen as the best method because it met the needs of emergency analysis. Next, the topology network is developed and tested through availability and accuracy test. The average availability access is more than 12% while the error rate detected is 3.18%. The distance measured for the nearest exit and the 0.38m lattice size is used as a parameter input in the third phase. Three parameters namely speed, user capacity and access selection were tested in eight different simulations. The simulation results are summarized into two factors: time and space critical. Time factors elaborate on the impact of user capacity and selection of access towards time. The effect of user capacity would be greater as the duration of user evacuation increases. The divide access method was identified as the best way to evacuate users on average of 17% faster than other methods. Critical space factors discussed the identification of critical spaces through heat maps and the Level of Service theory. The critical spaces were identified due to access with less than 1.5 meters width at each level. Through access widening testing has proven can improve user evacuation flow in this study.