Isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm is a rare condition with limited evidence in the literature to support management strategy. Repair has traditionally been associated with significant morbidity. However advances in endovascular technique offer the potential for new treatment options. We report our experience of using an off-label device for endovascular repair of an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm.

Shoulder pain is the second most frequent musculoskeletal complaint in the primary care setting 1 and adhesive capsulitis or 'frozen shoulder' is said to account for 6% of these complaints. 2 It is a condition characterised by spontaneous onset of shoulder pain, and progressive global stiffness of the glenohumeral joint accompanied by significant disability, which can cause problems with daily activities, particularly those involving internal and external shoulder rotation. 3 Adhesive capsulitis is considered a self-limiting condition with a mean duration of 2-3 years. 4 Without any medical intervention, symptoms will naturally improve to some extent over a period of months or years. 5,11 but simple measures can accelerate recovery. 3,6 Due to the long period of pain and disability, many

Objectives: To provide a comprehensive review of flexor tendon injuries in the hand, their management, and subsequent recovery. Methods: A review of the current literature surrounding flexor tendon anatomy, injury, surgical repair, and healing was performed.Results: This review examines the flexor tendons of the hand and describes their anatomy, different zones of injury, surgical repair, and their regeneration and rehabilitation following injury. Adhesions, produced as part of the normal inflammatory process and their inhibitory effect on tendon function are studied. In order to address the issue of adhesions, numerous studies have examined surgical techniques, rehabilitation protocols, and the use of pharmacological and biosynthetic agents to reduce adhesions and therefore improve patient outcomes. Discussion: The different zones of injury influence the likelihood of a good recovery following surgical repair. In particular, the presence of digital tendon sheaths in 'Zone 2' means that the formation of adhesions between tendons and sheath is a frequent complication that restricts the normal functioning of the tendon. Following surgery, an early active mobilization protocol produces good outcomes on the whole.

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