Meeting the needs of rural health care professionals for continuing education remains a challenge for health planners. An assessment of these needs is the focus of this survey of rural practitioners. A continuing education needs survey of five allied health professions in an agricultural region of California was conducted. Variables selected related to professional education and retention and included paramedics, physical therapists, pharmacists, clinical psychologists, and medical technologists. Results indicated a strong need for high quality, moderate cost, locally offered continuing education seminars. Access to professional literature searches was also regarded as important. Several of the selected health profession groups were concerned about maintaining licensure; most intended to remain in their professions for at least six to ten years. These survey findings clearly suggest a need for centrally coordinated continuing education opportunities for allied health personnel in rural service delivery areas.

In this article, new knowledge related to managing gender bias provides a context to discuss women in leadership. This study explored how women on corporate boards coped with gender bias. Social identity theory and the role congruity theory of prejudice provided a conceptual lens of the study. Through semistructured interviews with six women on corporate boards from Canada, reflective journaling, and analysis of physical artifacts related to women revealed seven emergent themes using Yin's five phases of analysis. The findings of this study can be used by women to be more effective in managing gender bias in their leadership roles.

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