Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER; only for 2‐3 d/wk) versus continuous energy restriction (CER) on weight loss and metabolic outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods Methods included searching databases from the last decade to December 18, 2019, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed weight loss and metabolic outcomes in IER and CER. RevMan version 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis of the data. The effect sizes were expressed as weight mean differences and 95% CI. Results This review included 11 RCTs (n = 850). Meta‐analysis showed that IER had greater effects on absolute weight loss, the percentage of weight loss, and improving insulin sensitivity than CER. In the subgroup analysis, short‐term (2‐3 months) intervention (P < 0.0001) was associated with weight loss. Conclusions This systematic review shows that IER (2‐3 d/wk) had greater effects on short‐term weight loss than CER and that IER results in comparative metabolic improvements. Furthermore, longer RCTs are needed to validate these findings.

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This study aimed to explore the associations between gut microbiota characteristics and glycometabolic profiles in mice fed diets high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Methods: C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a heat-treated diet or exogenous AGEs for 24 weeks, and glucose metabolism was assessed via the intraperitoneal glucose-tolerance test (IPGTT). Serum AGE and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels were quantified using ELISA kits. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to analyze the changes in gut microbiota according to α-and βdiversity. Key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were evaluated, and co-abundance groups (CAGs) were delineated using weighted correlation network analysis. Associations between CAGs and clinical parameters were analyzed using Spearman correlation; predictive functional analysis of gut microbiota was performed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data. Results: We identified significant increases in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin levels, as well as homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from IPGTT, in the high-AGE diet groups relative to controls at week 24. Serum AGE and LBP levels were elevated, and the α-and β-diversity of gut microbiota reduced in high-AGE diet groups. We identified 92 key OTUs that clustered into six CAGs, revealing positive correlations between CAG2/3/5 and insulin levels and mice weight and negative correlations between CAG1/3/4/5 and AGE, FBG, and LBP levels and HOMA-IR in mice fed high-AGE diets. We observed a reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, including Bacteroidales_S24-7, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, in mice fed high-AGE diets, with pathway analysis of gut microbiota revealing significantly enriched fructose and mannose metabolism. Conclusion: High-AGE diets altered the gut microbiota composition and structure, and induced insulin resistance in mice. In the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, the loss of butyrate-producing bacteria might impair the colonic epithelial barrier, thereby triggering chronic low-grade inflammation.

Aim: To investigate whether periodontitis impacts bone homeostasis via gut microbiota regulation.Materials and Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligatures (LIG group). ApoE À/À mice were employed as a model with weakened bone homeostasis.Bone turnover was evaluated through micro-computerized tomography, haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, osteoblast and osteoclast biomarkers in the bone and serum. Gut microbiota was analysed through 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Serum concentrations of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The role of gut microbiota was evaluated through their transplantation into antibiotic-treated mice.Results: Periodontitis significantly increased the number of osteoclasts and the expression of the osteoclast biomarkers in the proximal tibia of ApoE À/À mice, with the RANKL/OPG (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin) ratio significantly increased, which indicated the osteoclastic activity overwhelmed osteogenesis. Meanwhile, periodontitis altered the composition of gut microbiota and induced low-grade inflammation in the colon and blood circulation. Interestingly, the concentration of circulating tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-17A, and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 were positively correlated with faecal α1-antitrypsin and calprotectin, as well as serum OPG and RANKL. Furthermore, transplantation of gut microbiota from mice with periodontitis to antibiotic-treated mice could partially re-capitulate the phenotypes in the bone and colon. Conclusion:Periodontitis may impair systemic bone homeostasis through gut microbiota.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether a novel in situ interdental bone elevation method could achieve vertical bone augmentation around natural teeth.MethodsHorizontal periodontal bone defects were created at nine quadrants of mandibles in five dogs. Six weeks later, one of the nine quadrants was randomly chosen as the model control. The remaining mandibles were allocated into two experimental groups: cortical bone removing (CBR) or interdental bone elevation (IBE). For the IBE group, four millimetres of interdental bone blocks were separated and elevated from the base of alveolar bone. Then bone xenografts were implanted beneath the elevated alveolar blocks. Animals were euthanised 12 weeks post‐operation. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination and histological analysis were performed to evaluate the surgical outcomes.ResultsEnhanced soft tissue profiles were observed in the two experimental groups as compared to the model control group. CBCT images showed that the height of alveolar bone was significantly higher in the IBE group with bone blocks seated near the cementoenamel junction. Significantly larger area of bone tissues with the highest coronal level of new bone was observed in the IBE group. New bone was observed around the elevated bone blocks with bone remodelling and neovascularisation inside the elevated blocks.ConclusionsVertical bone augmentation at interdental sites may be performed through in situ interdental bone elevation for patients with horizontal alveolar bone resorption.