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Malignancies of the Lung are a major source of morbidity and mortality in person with HIV infection. In the Pre ART ERA, AIDS-Dening-Cancers (ADC) were prominent. NADCs are mostly comprised of NON- SMALL-Cell Lung Cancer followed by Small-Cell-Carcinoma. Within HIV population incidence of lung-cancer estimated approximately 2-4 times that of general population. Multiple pulmonary nodules or Cannon Ball opacities in LUNG particularly originates from malignant, non-malignant, infective etiology and connective tissue disorders also may cause it.

Background: Primary spontaneous pneumothoraces (PSP) affect patients who do not have clinically apparent lung disorders.  Secondary pneumothoraces occur in the setting of underlying pulmonary disease.  Methods: A total of 100 patients, including both males and females, admitted during the given period to the hospital with a diagnosis of spontaneous Pneumothorax (SP) were included in the study after applying to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: COPD was the most common cause (45.6%) followed by Tuberculosis (30%). Silicosis was seen in 18.9% of SSP cases. Other less common causes were Bronchiectasis (3.3%), Pneumonia (1.1%) and Malignancy (1.1%). Conclusion:  Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is far more common than primary spontaneous pneumothoraces and COPD is the predominant underlying cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax followed by pulmonary tuberculosis. We also found that silicosis is a significant contributor to secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, after COPD and pulmonary tuberculosis. Keywords: COPD, TB, Etiology

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of mortality and is frequently unrecognized in COPD patients. Serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) is an established risk factor in patients with Heart failure. However NT-pro BNP levels may also be elevated during acute exacerbation of COPD(AECOPD) even without heart failure. Objectives of the study are-(a)To nd the levels of Serum NT-pro BNP in AECOPD patients. (b) To nd out the association of Serum NT-pro BNP with clinical and physiological parameters in AECOPD patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 AECOPD patients admitted in department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur during July 2019–June 2020. Clinical data including vitals, Electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood gas analysis (ABG), Serum NT-pro BNP levels were assessed. Previous ECG and spirometry details were also recorded. RESULTS: The mean levels of Serum NT-pro BNP were higher in very severe COPD patients. The association of Serum NT-pro BNP were signicantly higher with AECOPD patients having increased exacerbations per year, longer hospital stay duration, decreasing Spo2 levels and decreasing blood pH levels. CONCLUSION: Patients with AECOPD who had elevated Serum NT-pro BNP levels had higher likelihood of ICU admission and longer hospital stay. Thus elevated NT-pro BNP levels warrants the need of Intensive care for early and better management of COPD patients.