The objective of this study was to compare deliveries in women with HIV at Homerton University Hospital with those in the general antenatal hospital population. The study was a retrospective case-note review of deliveries from 1994 to 2004 at an Inner City London Hospital, UK (Homerton University Hospital). In all, 113 deliveries were studied in 98 women with HIV. Compared with the general antenatal population, women with HIV were more likely to be from African backgrounds, describe inadequate housing and be without the support of a partner or family; 79.8% of deliveries in women with HIV were by caesarean section in comparison with 22.4% in the overall hospital population. A majority of women with HIV received antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy. Intercurrent medical and antenatal complications were uncommon and in a majority the postpartum periods were uncomplicated. A significantly higher proportion of women with HIV infection described a previous history of depression than in the general hospital population. There were two instances of vertical transmission of HIV. In conclusion, our observations suggest that with appropriate monitoring and management strategies, successful pregnancy outcomes can be achieved in a complex HIV-positive patient population.

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This chapter details some important literature related to peers, delinquency, and development, offering a sense of how those parallel findings should be viewed in relation to one another when considering offending behavior. It next considers the theoretical perspectives that have incorporated peer influences in their core tenets. The chapter assesses the ways in which peers and gangs fit into the practical literature on crime prevention. It also looks at how justice response might account for peer influences on offending behavior, describing some areas that offer opportunities for growth in knowledge with respect to the role of peers in offending over the life course. Finally, the chapter explores the opportunities to expand the empirical evidence base and also discusses the prospects of this specific area of this literature for contributing more generally to the understanding of crime and societal response.

Prior research has found that disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is a problem at various decision-making points in the juvenile justice system. This study addresses two limitations often found in prior DMC research: (1) a focus on a single court and/or a single stage of the juvenile court process and (2) methodological problems in comparing youth of different races who are otherwise similarly situated. Nearest neighbor matching is used to examine the relationship between race and five juvenile court outcomes-pre-adjudication detention, case dismissal, adjudication, secure confinement, and waiver to criminal court-in a sample of over 50,000 youth referred to seven juvenile courts. After matching youth on multiple legal and extralegal variables, results indicate that non-White youth were significantly more likely than White youth to be detained prior to adjudication, placed in a secure confinement facility postadjudication, and waived to criminal court. Keywords race, juvenile court decision-making, counterfactual methods, disproportionate minority contact One of the most often documented aspects of the juvenile justice system over the past 100 years has been the pronounced disproportionality in the processing of White and non-White juveniles (Bishop, 2005). Research consistently finds that minority youth-primarily African Americans and Hispanics-are overrepresented at every stage in the juvenile court process. Specifically, minority youth tend to be disproportionately petitioned to juvenile court (