Objective Middle ear surgery increasingly employs endoscopes as an adjunct to or replacement for the operative microscope. Superior visualization and transcanal access to disease normally managed with a transmastoid approach are touted as advantages with the endoscope. No study, however, has systemically reviewed the literature to evaluate outcomes of endoscopic ear surgery (EES). We provide a systematic review of endoscope applications in middle ear surgery with an emphasis on outcomes. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Methods A literature review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis recommendations. Articles were categorized based on study design, indication, and use of an endoscope either as an adjunct to or as a replacement for a microscope. Quantitative and descriptive analyses were performed. Results Ninety-one articles published between 1967 and 2014 met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main indication for the use of an endoscope was cholesteatoma or myringoplasty. Of the identified articles, 40 provided a discrete discussion of outcomes. In cholesteatoma surgery, the endoscope has been mainly employed as an adjunct to the microscope, and although outcomes assessments vary across studies, the endoscope identified residual cholesteatoma in up to 50% of cases. Conclusion Endoscopes have been predominately used as an observational adjunct to the microscope to improve visualization of the tympanic cavity. Recent reports utilize the endoscope exclusively during surgical dissection; however, data comparing patient outcomes following the use of an operative endoscope versus a microscope are lacking. Areas in need of additional research are highlighted.

AcetaZOLAMIDE For Injection, USPNDC 42023-157-01 For Intravenous Use 500 mg per Single Dose Vial *Each vial contains: acetazolamide sodium equivalent to 500 mg acetazolamide and pH adjusted to approximately 9.6 with sodium hydroxide and if necessary, hydrochloric acid. Storage: Store unreconstituted product between 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature.) Store reconstituted solution in refrigerator between 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F). Use within 12 hours of reconstitution. Must be reconstituted. See full prescribing information. Discard Unused Portion.

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