Decisional procrastination, or indecision, is the maladaptive postponing of decision-making when faced with conflicts or choices. In the present exploratory study, we examined two factors of a psychological model toward understanding the underpinnings of indecision, namely: self-critical cognition as a predisposition to indecision and decreased hope as a post-decision behavior of indecision. Self-critical cognition is the tendency for selfrelated thoughts to be critical and defeating. It is hypothesized to predict indecision as self-critical individuals are likely to also doubt their competence at tasks such as decision-making and may, in turn, delay. Decreased hope is hypothesized to be an outcome of indecision as the latter is related to anxiety, worry, and life regret. participants and procedure Participants were 327 undergraduate students from a large Midwestern university (242 women, 82 men; M age = 20.31 years old). They completed the self-report measures in an online survey and received class credit for participation. results Using a bootstrap analysis of the indirect effect, the results showed that indecision mediates the relationship between self-critical cognition and decreased hope among emerging adults. conclusions Implications for future research and potential interventions to alter the pattern of indecision and to increase hope are discussed. This study moves forward the literature of indecision by examining a new predictor and outcome of indecision.
Many adults engage in annual spiritual retreats, where they explore their relationship with a higher power. However, few homeless adults (especially those recovering from substance abuse) enjoy this personal service. In the present study, 66 homeless adults (45 women, 20 men; M age = 47.16 years old; SD = 9.98), who reported a history of substance abuse, engaged in a weekend long spiritual retreat program and completed at the end of the weekend reliable and valid measures on self-esteem, loneliness, and hope. Results indicated that there was significant gender difference on loneliness and hope/agency, such that women compared to men reported less loneliness and higher hope-agency (the belief that one has the willpower to change). There were no significant differences for marital status, religion, or housing residence. Taken together, these results suggest that spiritual retreats may impact differently for homeless adults in recovery based on their gender and their race, but not in comparison of other demographic variables. Implications for recovery programs for homeless adults are discussed.
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