Introduction:In the COVID-19 pandemic, physical and psychological health are of immense concern for the governing bodies and health policymakers in the period of lockdown and selfisolation. An in-depth analysis is required to recognize the changes in mental health among the public of different geographical areas. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the sleep quality and anxiety among the population in Saudi Arabia during the lockdown period from March to June 2020. Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and surveyed the population in Saudi Arabia during the lockdown. We analyzed the anxiety and sleep quality in a population with variable socio-demographic profiles. We assessed anxiety using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) questionnaire and tested the sleep quality by using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire. We analysed the questionnaire responses to determine the relationships between anxiety, stress, sleep disturbances by using SPSS, and considered the p-value<0.05 statistically significant. Results: We collected 397 questionnaires from the participants. The respondents were mostly of youth age (19-24 years), 66.5% of respondents were male, while there were 33.5% females. Most of the participants did not contact any COVID-19 patients (75.1%, n=298). The finding revealed that most people did not consider associated anxiety as a worrying disorder as the vast majority were normal with only 12.6% had mild-to-moderate anxiety and almost 1% had moderate-to-severe anxiety. While correlating the sleep patterns disturbance in individuals who had contact with COVID-19 patients, there was a significant sleep disturbance. The disturbance of sleep was in having problems falling sleep (p-value=0.024), having bad/horrible dreams (p-value=0.017), feeling cold at sleeping (p-value=0.038), and difficulty staying active during eating or driving (p-value=0.012). There was a significant correlation with anxiety related to the COVID-19 contact and problems affecting the routine work (p-value=0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation with anxiety related to the contact with COVID-19 positive patients and problems affecting the routine work among operational professionals. The sleep quality is poor due to the stay-at-home order, having a disorganized working schedule, and deprived lifestyle. The awareness regarding the publics' mental health related to the pandemic needs to be implemented and psychological guidelines ought to be available for the public. Health measures through the promotion of lifestyle modifications, mindful body practices, meditation, and home exercise can reduce stress and improve the quality of sleep.

Objectives: To assess oral health behaviour & self-practice among HBS undergraduate medical & dental students in Islamabad, Pakistan & to evaluate the variations in oral health behaviour & self-practice based on age, gender, academic program (MBBS/BDS) & education year.Methods: Hiroshima University Dental Behaviour Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire in English version consisting of 20 dichotomous responses (Agree/Disagree) was self-administered among 300 undergraduate medical & dental students of HBS Medical & Dental College in Islamabad. Three hundred medical and dental students were selected by convenience sampling. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the month of October 2019 & 38 questionnaire forms were excluded from the study which was incomplete & data was analysed on 262 (51 from dental & 211 from medical students) student's responses using SPSS Version 24 and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.Results: The mean age of students who participated in the study was 21.26 ± 1.90 years with a total number of 109 males & 153 females. A significantly higher HU-DBI score was observed among students from higher years of education only (p-value of 0.015). The majority of students (80.1%) brush their teeth daily. About 64.5% of students mentioned that they use toothbrushes & 15.6% used miswak on daily basis for cleaning their teeth. About 88.6% of students did not use mouthwash & toothpicks regularly.Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results that students belonging to higher years of education showed improved oral health behaviour and attitude as compared to the early years of education. Overall health behaviour observed was adequate.

Objective: To ascertain the probing depths, plaque scores and organism morphotypes in patients enduring orthodontic treatment, as well as the benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide test scores of periodontopathic bacteria, counting those of red complex bacteria Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Place and Duration: In the Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi for one-year duration from January 2022 to December 2022. Methods: Plaque samples were taken from 26 patients in this prospective research at baseline and followed up at 30 days and four months following treatment after the appliance was removed. The periodontal pathogens were found using a benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide assay. The morphotypes were identified using dark field microscopy. At each test interval, the probing depths and O'Leary Plaque Index were evaluated to identify the patients' oral health and periodontal status. The Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: After the insertion of orthodontic appliances, there were significant rise in the probing depths, plaque score, and scores of benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide at each follow-up visit. But, after the appliances were removed, the levels went back to normal. Increases in large spirochetes (2.5%), small spirochetes (8.1%), fusiforms (6%), filaments (1%) and non-motile rods (10%) were observed during orthodontic therapy, according to dark field microscopy. Conclusion: Plaque accumulation, probing depth, and microbial activity are all higher in patients receiving orthodontic treatment, which may be a sign of periodontal destruction. The probing depth, benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide test score and plaque score all came back to baseline levels thirty days after the orthodontic appliance was removed. Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis, orthodontic brackets, bacterial adherence, and Treponema denticola.

Statement of problem: Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are increasingly used in restorative process. But existing dentistry restoration effectiveness as well as growth and IA applications have not yet been systematically analyzed or documented. Purpose: The goal of such comprehensive evaluation is to discover & assess the abilities associated with artificial intelligence models in restorative dentistry for the analysis of caries as well as vertical tooth fracture, evaluate margins in preparing tooth, and analyze reconstructive failures. Methods: A systematic electronic review of 5 databases was carried out: PubMed/ MEDLINE, World of Science, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane. The investigation was carried out manually as well. Research using AI models was chosen on the basis of 4 criterion: dental caries diagnostics, diagnostics, vertical tooth fracture, tooth preparation recognition, & cause of failure of restoration. Both researchers rated the quality of the study for Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies (nonrandomized experimental studies). The 3rd author was asked for resolving the dispute. Results: 34 researches were made the part of this analysis: from which 29 contains artificial intelligence techniques including the diagnostics or treatment related to caries and its causes according to sensitivity models, 2 to diagnose vertical tooth fractures, 1 to prepare the teeth. Among the studied analysis, the accuracy of caries diagnosis in the AI models was tested from 76-88.3%, sensitivity from 73-90%, as well as specificity from 61.5-93%. In the study, the accuracy of predicted caries ranges from 83.6-97.1%. The performed research showed the accuracy of the analysis of a vertical tooth fracture from 88.3-95.7%. The study, which uses AI models to find a destination, had details with the range of 90.6-97.4%. Conclusions: AI models are a powerful tool for diagnosing caries as well as vertical tooth fractures, recognizing preparation margins and predicting restoration failures. But, the dental use of AI models continues to evolve. More research is needed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of artificial intelligence models in restorative dentistry. Keyword: Artificial intelligence, restorative dentistry, vertical tooth fractures.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the  patterns of cleft lip and palate by its type, side, gender, laterality and extent of involvement of hard and/or soft palate in patients reported to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2016 to January 2017 at Saifee hospital Karachi. It includes patient’s data from December 2014 till December 2015. Total 198 patients with diagnosed cleft lip and /palate anomaly were included in the study.  Data was collected by patient record forms and relevant findings were recorded on a predesigned proforma. Data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 17.00. Results:  Out of 198 patients 117 patients were males (59%). Total 54(27.27%)) cases of isolated cleft lip were observed, isolated cleft palate cases were 34(17.17%)  while mixed cleft lip and palate cases were 110 (55.55%). Out of 54 cases of isolated cleft lip 43(79.62%) cases were unilateral, in which 26(48.14%) were left sided and 17(31.48%) were right sided while 11 (20.37%) cases were bilateral. Among mixed cleft lip and palate patients 82(74.54%)  were unilateral having 48(43.63%) left sided  and 34(31%) were right sided while 28(25.45%)  were identified as bilateral. Total unilateral cases were 125(63.13%). Total left sided cases were 74 (37.37%) and right sided  were 51(25.75%). Total bilateral cases were 39(19.69%). Cases of isolated cleft palate were divided into mix hard and soft palate cleft which were 21(61.76%) while soft palate clefts were 13(38.23%). Conclusion: I the  clefts of mixed lip and palate was most common type, unilateral cleft lip and clefts of left side of both lip and palate comprised of major segment of cleft patients and  incomplete clefts of both lip and palate are more common in terms of extent in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi. Key words:  Cleft Lip Palate, Tertiary Care, .