The scheme of loading drugs/decorations in nanodroplets and US/laser irradiated drug release (figure created with BioRender.com).

Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested from plants of different ages was undertaken. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents in the rhizomes were highest 8 months after planting. Another study found that 2 g rhizomes extracted in 50 ml of water at 90˚C for 120 minutes gave the best yield of phenolics and flavonoids. Under these conditions, an average of 210 mg GAE/g dry weight of total phenolics and 81 µg QCE/g dry weight of total flavonoids were obtained.

Fermented jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) extracts were produced using pure symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) under controlled fermentation process. Both female and male Sprague‐Dawley rats were orally administrated with 4,000 mg/kg of fermented jackfruit pulp and leaves extracts for 28 consecutive days. Body weight of rats was recorded at 1‐week interval until necropsy day. There was no mortality reported along the experiment with no significant differences (p > .05) record among organ histopathology and blood biochemical parameters in treated groups when compared to control group. Interestingly, there were significant differences (p < .05) in the lower body weight gained of treated rats groups as opposed to control group, indicating the potential anti‐obesity effect of fermented jackfruit extracts. In conclusion, no toxicity symptoms were observed in 28 days oral administration toxicity study of fermented jackfruit pulp and leaves extracts in Sprague‐Dawley rats for both sexes.