The findings suggest that nurses, while providing care in the hospital and upon discharge need to be aware of the psychological well-being, quality of caregiver-patient relationship, and family support of a family caregiver, as these factors all have an impact on a family caregiver' health.
Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation participates in the pathophysiological progress from insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic abnormalities, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our previous study reveals that interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits adipogenesis and promotes lipolysis to decrease lipid deposits by enhancing the activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The present study further dissects and characterizes the molecular mechanism of IL-4 in regulating HSL expression and lipolytic activity in the terminal differentiated 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Our results showed that IL-4 increased cAMP which then enhanced PKA activity and subsequent phosphorylation of HSL and perilipin. The phosphorylated HSL (p-HSL) translocated from cytoplasm to the surface of lipid droplets and exhibited lipolytic function. After being phosphorylated, p-perilipin also facilitated lipolysis through interacting with p-HSL. The
in vitro
findings were further verified by
in vivo
study in which IL-4 exhibited pro-lipolytic activity and enhanced HSL activity. In summary, the net outcome of IL-4 treatment is to reduce lipid storage by promoting lipolysis through enhancing HSL activity via cAMP/PKA pathway, the major route leading to lipolysis.
We examined a human urothelial cancer T24 cell line, which was exposed to clinically achievable concentrations of Taxol and detected the lethal effect of Taxol as measured by a cytotoxic dose-response curve. Marked nuclear condensation and the fragmentation of chromatin were observed by DAPI stain, DNA ladder formation, and flow cytometry at an LC(90)concentration of 0.8 microg/ml Taxol, which also induced a G2/M arrest. In response to Taxol-treatment, caspase-9 activity increased at 8 h, and both caspase-2 and -3 activities were increased twofold relative to control cultures at 16 h. Moreover, treatment with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) or the caspase-9 specific inhibitor (z-LEHD-fmk) effectively protected T24 cells against Taxol-triggered apoptosis. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) proteins in Taxol treated cells was detected at 8 h. In contrast, Taxol had no effect on the levels of Fas and FasL proteins and neither antagonistic, anti-Fas antibody affected Taxol-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that, following the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)proteins, Taxol-induced apoptosis is induced through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in T24 cells.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.