BACKGROUNDThe aim of the study is to assess the sensitivity and specificity of AMACR (P504S) in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma and to correlate serum PSA value in Carcinoma Prostate, atypia, PIN, prostatitis and nodular hyperplasia. This was an observational descriptive study carried out in Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam. MATERIALS AND METHODSTotal of 120 cases of prostatic needle biopsies (processed routinely for H and E and IHC) during the period of 18 months from August 2014 to January 2016 were studied. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Chi-square test was used to find if there was any statistically significant association between the levels of serum PSA and histopathological findings studied. RESULTSAmong 93/120 cases confirmed as carcinoma by H and E, 85 cases (91.3%) showed AMACR positivity. Among 5/120 cases confirmed as atypical glands suspicious for malignancy by H and E, 4 cases (80%) showed AMACR positivity. Out of 3/120 cases confirmed as PIN by H and E, 2 cases (66%) showed AMACR positivity. Out of 19/120 cases confirmed as benign prostatic hyperplasia by H and E, all the 19 cases (100%) showed AMACR negativity. High grade carcinoma (Gleason pattern 5) showed AMACR negativity. Sensitivity and specificity of AMACR in prostatic carcinoma were 90% and 100% respectively. Positive predictive value of AMACR in prostatic carcinoma was 100% and negative predictive value of AMACR in prostatic carcinoma was 65%; 99% of prostatic carcinoma showed high serum PSA value. CONCLUSIONH and E is the gold standard for diagnosing prostatic neoplasia. AMACR helps in confirming the diagnosis of carcinoma in the cases of atypical glands/suspicious of malignancy. But AMACR negativity does not exclude the possibility of carcinoma. So along with positive marker (AMACR), basal cell marker (negative marker, p63/HMWCK) is useful in diagnosing the morphologically suspicious cases. BACKGROUNDThe most common malignancy of prostate is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for more than 25% of all malignancies in men. 1 In developing countries even though prostatic carcinoma is less common, its incidence and mortality is on the rise. 2 It is a disease gaining importance worldwide. In Indian population, the incidence ranges from 5.39 to 6.58/1 lakh population. 3 Currently, the mainstay of detection of early prostatic carcinoma is by the triad of level of total serum PSA, digital rectal examination and TRUS-guided core needle

BACKGROUNDThere is an increased incidence of renal tumours every year in the last three decades, RCC being the most common. There is little published data on the spectrum of renal tumours in India, especially Southern parts like Kerala. Hence, this study is undertaken to analyse the relative frequencies of different types of renal tumours and their histopathological characteristics.The aim of the study is to find out the mean age of presentation, mode of presentation and gender predominance of renal tumours, the histopathological subtype of renal tumours and microvascular invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis was a descriptive study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam. 51 nephrectomy specimens of renal neoplasm received during the period of two years were studied. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. RESULTSAmong 51 nephrectomy specimens of renal neoplasm, 90.2% (46/51 cases) were of malignant tumours. Of 46 malignant cases 31/51 cases were of clear cell carcinoma, 7/51 cases were of papillary carcinoma, 5/51 cases were of chromophobe carcinoma, 1/51 were of multilocular cystic RCC and 2/51 were of unclassified RCC. Of 5 benign cases (9.8%) 2/51 were of oncocytoma, 1/51 were of solitary fibrous tumour, 1/51 were of clear cell sarcoma and 1/51 were of angiomyolipoma. Majority of renal neoplasms (90.2%) were RCC, seen predominantly in middle aged males (mean age is 52.41 years). They mostly presented with symptoms of abdominal pain (37.2%) and mass (31.3%). The classical symptom triad (macroscopic haematuria, palpable tumour and pain) was less commonly seen (8.7%). Clear cell carcinoma was the most common histological type of renal tumours (60.7%) and also had the most number of capsular (60%) and renal sinus invasion (72%), which may indicate bad prognosis. As the size, stage/ grade of the tumour increased, the symptoms did not increase. Therefore, relative paucity of symptoms does not mean that the tumour has not made much progression/ is completely curable/ resectable. CONCLUSIONIncidental tumours being in the lower stages and lower nuclear grades indicate that early detection of renal neoplasms by radiological screening may have some value. However, large scale case control studies are needed to make accurate analysis of renal neoplasms including the measurement of cancer specific survival and prognosis. The incidence rates of RCC have risen steadily each year during the last three decades in most parts of the world with an average increase of 2% to 3% per year. 1 The increased incidence is primarily due to two reasons. One is the increased detection via radiological methods like USG and CT. 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None. Submission 24-10-2017, Peer Review 21-11-2017, Acceptance 27-11-2017, Published 11-12-2017. Corresponding Author: Dr. Lillykutty Pothen, Kaniankunnel House, Gandhinagar P. O, Kottayam. E-mail: glamskan@gmail.com DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1453 Another reason is the increased prevalence of risk factors l...

BACKGROUNDBreast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian cities and the second most common cancer in the rural areas. More and more patients are being diagnosed with breast cancer in their thirties and forties. Early diagnosis is therefore very important for reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODSCurrently the triple test (Clinical examination, radiological imaging and FNAC) is used to accurately diagnose all palpable breast lumps. This study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity and specificity of mammography and fine needle aspiration cytology. A total of 172 cases which had a combination of clinical examination, fine needle aspiration cytology, mammography and histopathological examination were analysed. RESULTSBenign tumours were common in young women, with incidence peaking at 20-29 years of age. Majority of the malignant breast lesions were seen in the age group of 50-59 years. The mean age of breast cancer was 53.89 years. Breast lump was the most common presenting complaint in both benign and malignant breast lesions. Upper outer quadrant was the most common site of breast lump in both benign and malignant breast lesions. The most common benign lesion was fibroadenoma (58.5%). The most common malignant lesion was invasive carcinoma of no special type (82.3%). The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 97.02% and 98.57% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of mammography were 92.15% and 87.14% respectively. CONCLUSIONFine needle aspiration cytology is more sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of palpable breast lesions. Hence fine needle aspiration cytology alone may be sufficient for the accurate diagnosis of palpable breast lesions.

BACKGROUND Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma (EECA) has been postulated to develop from premalignant lesions like endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, to endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. Various studies have shown PTEN tumour suppressor gene mutation in endometrioid carcinoma and its precursors. Thus, immunohistochemical expression of PTEN may provide a valuable insight into the category of hyperplasia which can be most definitely classified as "premalignant". This study evaluated PTEN expression in endometrial hyperplasia with and without atypia and endometrioid carcinoma.

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