The energy demand of the world population is increasing due to population growth and technological development. The current energy base is a generator of CO2 emissions, the most abundant and main greenhouse gas responsible for global warming, as well as pollutants, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. The environmental deterioration and the increase in fossil fuel prices make it necessary to investigate less aggressive energy sources with the environment at competitive costs in the market. Biofuels are an alternative for energy production due to their origin in the short carbon cycle, their emissions are considered almost zero, including biodiesel and bioethanol. The latter can be obtained from microalgae rich in carbohydrates and lipids, easy to grow in short periods of time. The objective of this research is to summarize the findings made about the existence of useful microalgae as raw material to produce biofuels in Mexican territory. An exhaustive review of the literature was carried out, which contributed to estimate the microalgal diversity in the country and its lipid contents as well as carbohydrates, with different species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus being found mainly.
Los biocombustibles son una alternativa viable a la sustitución parcial o total de los combustibles fósiles, por consiguiente, el biodiésel es una opción para suplir al diésel, ya que puede utilizarse sin modificar los motores existentes y ofrecer un proceso de distribución seguro. En esta revisión, se resumen las materias primas utilizadas en los últimos años para su producción mediante el método de la transesterificación, así como el efecto que las condiciones de operación tienen en el rendimiento y mecanismos de reacción y que se presentan al utilizar las catálisis básica, ácida y heterogénea con el catalizador CaO. La transesterificación se ha estudiado y modificado, desde el proceso convencional hasta la aplicación del ultrasonido, en condiciones supercríticas e in situ. El proceso idóneo dependerá de las materias primas y los equipos disponibles, utilizando la menor cantidad de energía, tiempo e insumos, uno de los más prometedores es la transesterificación con ultrasonido y un catalizador heterogéneo.
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