Zoraptera is one of the most enigmatic and least understood orders in insects. Based on a wide taxon sampling from all continents where the group is known, we applied a phylogenetic approach using multiple DNA sequences to elucidate species‐level relationships. The resulting phylogeny shows that Zoraptera is divided into three major clades, and that two comprise species distributed on different continents. The monophyly of these clades is at least partly supported by shared derived morphological features. The divergence age estimation and ancestral distribution area reconstruction suggest an ancient origin and early radiation initiated in the Permian. Plate tectonics theory suggests that the present distribution of Zoraptera was mainly established by vicariance, rather than dispersal. The three major clades probably originated on the Pangaea supercontinent, or alternatively on the linked Gondwana and Laurasia supercontinents. Their ancient origin explains previously found conspicuous interspecific variation of the genital apparatus, sperm structure and mating behaviour, in striking contrast to a highly conserved general body morphology. We compiled data of available reproductive features and reconstructed the character evolution. Our analyses revealed repeated acquisitions and/or losses of a hyperelongated intromittent organ, mating hooks and tergal protuberances.

16.9 km 2 is the main island (Lopes and Ulbrich, 2015), and the remaining area is distributed among 20 smaller islands, of which Rata Island is the largest with 0.8 km 2. The archipelago has suffered major ecological disturbances due to several human interventions. In 1737, fortifications were built, and the archipelago was transformed into a penal colony for almost 200 years. During this period, a large part of the native vegetation was devastated while exotic plants and animals were introduced to serve as food (Teixeira et al., 2003; Serafini et al., 2010). The human population in the archipelago increased significantly in 1942 through military occupation (i.e., World War II). Afterwards, significant changes were observed in the archipelago due to: • Several insecticide applications campaigns (i.e., DDT) for mosquito-control; • Wild animal introductions, such as the Teju lizard (Salvator merianae Duméril & Bibron) and the Mocó cavy (Kerodon rupestris Wied-Neuwied); • Release of birds seized in trade fairs and public markets of Recife (i.e., Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus)), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)), and the White-bellied seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera (Vieillot));

O ensino de fisiologia apresenta dificuldades em dois pontos importantes: 1. a fragmentação do estudo dos sistemas biológicos que dificulta a viso da integração sistêmica e do funcionamento do organismo. 2. a dificuldade que os estudantes apresentam para memorizar as estruturas anatômicas e relacionar com o seu funcionamento. Esses dois aspectos afastam o interesse dos alunos em aprender os conteúdos de fisiologia e, neste contexto, apresentamos o Fisio Card Game. Este jogo consiste na formação de grupos de cartas com relação fisiológica que objetiva aumentar a visão integrada entre os sistemas biológicos e auxiliar na memorização de termos encontrados neste conteúdo. Após a elaboração, o referido jogo didático foi aplicado para estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio e foram respondidos questionários que indicam que o jogo pode auxiliar nesses dois fatores e, portanto, pode ser usado como um facilitador no processo de ensino/aprendizado por despertar interesse nos alunos.

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The male of Smeryngolaphria gurupi Artigas, Papavero & Pimentel, 1988 and the female of Smeryngolaphria taperignae Artigas, Papavero & Pimentel, 1988 are described for the first time. The habitus, thorax, abdomen, male and female terminalia with external and internal structures are illustrated and described. The external and internal structures of the male and female of Smeryngolaphria gorayebi Artigas, Papavero & Pimentel, 1988, Smeryngolaphria maculipennis (Macquart, 1846) and Smeryngolaphria numitor (Osten Sacken, 1887) are described and illustrated, Smeryngolaphria numitor for the first time. A map with the new records is provided.