In this paper, a Sliding mode controller design method for frequency regulation in an interconnected power system is presented. A sliding surface having four parameters has been selected for the load frequency control (LFC) system model. In order to achieve an optimal result, the parameter of the controller is obtained by grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. The objective function for optimization has been considered as the integral of square of error of deviation in frequency and tie-line power exchange. The method has been validated through simulation of a single area as well as a multi-area power system. The performance of the Sliding mode controller has also been analyzed for parametric variation and random loading patterns. The performance of the proposed method is better than recently reported methods. The performance of the proposed Sliding mode controller via GWO has 88.91% improvement in peak value of frequency deviation over the method of Anwar and Pan in case study 1 and similar improvement has been observed over different case studies taken from the literature.

The major challenges in wireless sensor network include energy conservation, node life time, stability and throughput of network and its node. Clustering is widely used to reduce the energy consumption and to improve the stability of the network. The efficient routing protocol in a cluster plays an important role in energy saving and stability of the cluster and its nodes. Enhance Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (ETSSEP) is proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor network in the paper. It is based on dynamically changing cluster head election probability. It selects cluster heads on the basis of residual energy level of nodes and minimum number of clusters per round. The ETSSEP is simulated using MATLAB and found that it performs better than Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Threshold Sensitive Stable Election protocol (TSEP) in terms of stability and network lifetime. ETSSEP builds more stable routing environment as compared TSEP and SEP. It is also found that ETSSEP stability is increased by 33.5 % in comparison to TSEP and more than twice in comparison to SEP. The overall lifetime of ETSSEP is also increased by 37.79 % in comparison to TSEP and about thrice in comparison to SEP.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of inexpensive power constrained sensor nodes collecting data from the sensing area and transmits data towards the base station in a synergetic way. Wireless sensor networks are appearing as an emerging need for mankind now a day. The basic goal of Wireless sensor networks is to enhance the lifetime of the network, and to use the energy of nodes efficiently. The WSN nodes are restricted by energy, storage capacity, and computing power. So it is necessity to design more effective and energy aware protocols to enhance the network lifetime and stability. Energy efficient design and implementation of WSN has become a very popular area of research in recent years. Increasing the stability and network lifetime is the major issue in WSN. This paper presents a review on different protocols of wireless sensor network.

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