Incorporation of 3D printed models into lectures about CHD imparts a greater acute level of understanding, both subjective and objective, for pediatric and combined pediatric/emergency medicine residents. There does not seem to be an added benefit for understanding ventricular septal defects, but there is for tetralogy of Fallot, likely due to increased complexity of the lesion and difficulty visualizing spatial relationships in CHD with multiple components.

There is a subset of patients who seem to respond to octreotide, but they have lower CTX volume and may have already been improving before octreotide therapy. Patients with single ventricle anatomy seemed to respond to octreotide and may benefit from its use.

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Objective Catheter‐associated bloodstream infections complicate and prolong hospitalizations. The incidence of catheter‐associated bloodstream infections in children undergoing congenital cardiac surgery has not been reported. This study sought to define the incidence of catheter‐associated bloodstream infections after congenital cardiac surgery in neonates and infants ≤12 months old and compare hospital outcomes and costs to those who underwent surgery and did not have a catheter‐associated bloodstream infections. Design Retrospective review of hospital admissions between October 2013 and November 2015 for neonates and infants ≤12 months old at admission with ICD‐9 codes for congenital cardiac surgery from discharge data from Vizient Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager (formerly University HealthSystem Consortium), an analytic platform for performance improvement. Hospitals were included if they had >100 congenital cardiac surgery admissions during the study period. Admissions were stratified by age at admission: Neonates (<1 month) and Infants (1‐12 months). Established database flags for catheter‐associated bloodstream infections were utilized. Length of stay, mortality, and direct costs were compared between admissions with and without catheter‐associated bloodstream infections using t test or χ2, as appropriate. Results Catheter‐associated bloodstream infections incidence after congenital cardiac surgery was higher in Neonates than Infants (1.5 vs 0.8%, P = .024). Length of stay and direct costs were significantly higher for patients with catheter‐associated bloodstream infections in both groups. Mortality was higher in the Infant group with catheter‐associated bloodstream infections compared to those without catheter‐associated bloodstream infections. Conclusions Neonates develop catheter‐associated bloodstream infections at nearly twice the rate of older infants. For those who develop infection, mortality is 2‐8‐fold greater and hospital costs are 4‐6‐fold higher, which further highlight the importance of catheter‐associated bloodstream infections prevention in this population.

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