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Progress on the research and development of insect-resistant transgenic rice, especially expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), in China has been rapid in recent years. A number of insect-resistant transgenic rice lines/varieties have passed restricted and enlarged field testing, and several have been approved for productive testing since 2002 in China, although none was approved for commercial use until 2006. Extensive laboratory and field trials have been conducted for evaluation of the efficiency of transgenic rice on target lepidoteran pests and potential ecological risks on non-target arthropods. The efficacy of a number of transgenic rice lines currently tested in China was excellent for control of the major target insect pests, the rice stem borers (Chilo suppressalis, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens) and leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), and was better than most insecticides extensively used by millions of farmers at present in China. No significantly negative or unintended effects of transgenic rice on non-target arthropods were found compared with non-transgenic rice. In contrast, most of the current insecticides used for the control of rice stem borers and leaffolders proved harmful to natural enemies, and some insecticides may directly induce resurgence of rice planthoppers. Studies for developing a proactive insect resistance management of transgenic rice in the future are discussed to ensure the sustainable use of transgenic rice.

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The high performance liquid chromatograms of the hemoglobins in a hemolysate show minor peaks on reversed phase columns in addition to the expected major peaks of the alpha, beta, and gamma chains. One of these had previously been identified as the delta chain. The material in the most prominent minor peak which is termed "pre-beta" is indistinguishable from the normal beta chain in amino acid composition, but the difference has not been identified. An analogous pre-delta peak appears when chromatographically isolated Hb A2 is examined, but pre-alpha and pre-gamma peaks have not been observed. One minor peak contains a non-heme protein(s). Glycosylated hemoglobins do not separate from their non-glycosylated counterparts, but acetylated gamma chains appear to do so.