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Mechanical vibration or rotation of a target or structures on the target may induce additional frequency modulations on the returned radar signal which generate sidebands about the target's Doppler frequency, called the micro-Doppler effect. Micro-Doppler signatures enable some properties of the target to be determined. In the paper, the micro-Doppler effect in radar is introduced and the mathematics of micro-Doppler signatures is developed. Computer simulations are conducted and micro-Doppler features in the joint time -frequency domain are exploited.

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A common way of solving a multi-class classification problem is to decompose it into a collection of simpler two-class problems. One major disadvantage is that with such a binary decomposition scheme it may be difficult to represent subtle between-class differences in many-class classification problems due to limited choices of binary-value partitions. To overcome this challenge, we propose a new decomposition method called N-ary decomposition that decomposes the original multi-class problem into a set of simpler multi-class subproblems. We theoretically show that the proposed N-ary decomposition could be unified into the framework of error correcting output codes and give the generalization error bound of an Nary decomposition for multi-class classification. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of our approach.