The deposition and hydrolysis reaction of SO2 + H2O in small clusters of sulfuric acid and water are studied by theoretical calculations of the molecular clusters SO2-(H2SO4)n-(H2O)m (m = 1,2; n = 1,2). Sulfuric acid exhibits a dramatic catalytic effect on the hydrolysis reaction of SO2 as it lowers the energy barrier by over 20 kcal/mol. The reaction with monohydrated sulfuric acid (SO2 + H2O + H2SO4 - H2O) has the lowest energy barrier of 3.83 kcal/mol, in which the cluster H2SO4-(H2O)2 forms initially at the entrance channel. The energy barriers for the three hydrolysis reactions are in the order SO2 + (H2SO4)-H2O > SO2 + (H2SO4)2-H2O > SO2 + H2SO4-H2O. Furthermore, sulfurous acid is more strongly bonded to the hydrated sulfuric acid (or dimer) clusters than the corresponding reactant (monohydrated SO2). Consequently, sulfuric acid promotes the hydrolysis of SO2 both kinetically and thermodynamically. Kinetics simulations have been performed to study the importance of these reactions in the reduction of atmospheric SO2. The results will give a new insight on how the pre-existing aerosols catalyze the hydrolysis of SO2, leading to the formation and growth of new particles.

Effects of ammonia and water molecules on the hydrolysis of sulfur dioxide are investigated by theoretical calculations of two series of the molecular clusters SO2-(H2O)n (n = 1-5) and SO2-(H2O)n-NH3 (n = 1-3). The reaction in pure water clusters is thermodynamically unfavorable. The additional water in the clusters reduces the energy barrier for the reaction, and the effect of each water decreases with the increasing number of water molecules in the clusters. There is a considerable energy barrier for reaction in SO2-(H2O)5, 5.69 kcal/mol. With ammonia included in the cluster, SO2-(H2O)n-NH3, the energy barrier is dramatically reduced, to 1.89 kcal/mol with n = 3, and the corresponding product of hydrated ammonium bisulfate NH4HSO3-(H2O)2 is also stabilized thermodynamically. The present study shows that ammonia has larger kinetic and thermodynamic effects than water in promoting the hydrolysis reaction of SO2 in small clusters favorable in the atmosphere.

The selective oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol has been investigated over Au/Al 2 O 3 catalysts using molecular oxygen in a solvent-free system. The catalysts were prepared by a modified direct anionic exchange method and characterized by AAS, N 2 adsorption and TEM. The results showed that the catalytic performance of Au/Al 2 O 3 is very high in terms of turnover frequency. Moreover, the nano-size effect of gold is also reported in the reaction.

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