As the main component of snowmelt agents, NaCl is widely used in northern winters and significantly impacts the expected growth of garden plants in north China. Salix matsudana is also faced with salt stress caused by snowmelt, which seriously affects its development as the main tree species in the northern landscape. However, how exogenous calcium alleviates salt stress in Salix matsudana is not yet clear. In this study, the indicators of growth indices, photosynthetic characteristics and stress resistance were measured by hydroponic assays in combination with three NaCl conditions (0, 50 and 200 mmol·L-1) and five calcium concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mmol·L-1). The study’s results indicated that the application of exogenous calcium remarkably promoted the growth of Salix matsudana seedlings under NaCl stress. When the exogenous calcium concentration was 10 mmol·L-1, the plant height and basal diameter of Salix matsudana seedlings increased significantly, and the biomass of all parts reached the maximum (P< 0.05). Exogenous calcium can substantially improve the photosynthesis of Salix matsudana seedlings under salt stress. The photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic product synthesis of Salix matsudana seedlings were significantly increased at an exogenous calcium concentration of 10 mmol·L-1, and the photosynthetic level of Salix matsudana seedlings reached the highest value. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0) of Salix matsudana seedlings were significantly decreased under different concentrations of NaCl stress. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/F0) of Salix matsudana seedlings peaked when the exogenous calcium concentration was 10 mmol·L-1, which was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (P< 0.05). The water use efficiency of Salix matsudana was affected considerably by NaCl stress. The WUE and iWUE peak values of Salix matsudana were significantly higher than those of other calcium concentrations at 10 mmol·L-1 (P< 0.05). Exogenous calcium can increase the activities of CAT, SOD and POD enzymes in Salix matsudana seedlings under different NaCl concentrations. Under NaCl stress, adding exogenous calcium promoted the survival rate and growth of Salix matsudana seedlings. In conclusion, the optimum exogenous calcium concentration for Salix matsudana seedlings was 10 mmol·L-1. High or low concentrations of exogenous calcium did not achieve the best results in alleviating salt stress in Salix matsudana.

Mongolian pine, as one of the major tree species of the Three-North Shelterbelt Project in the northern semiarid region of China, is very important for ensuring ecological and environmental security. Ca, as an imperative mineral element for plant development and a second messenger, partakes in photosynthesis and affects the growth of plants. However, the optimal calcium concentration for its growth in different soil types is still unclear. In this study, fifteen treatments with combinations of three different soils (e.g., sandy soil, cinnamon soil, dark brown soil) and five calcium concentration gradients (e.g., 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg∙kg-1) were conducted to investigate this effect by measuring the indices of growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigment, gas exchange rate, photosynthates, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and water use efficiency (iWUE) based on a pot experiment. The results showed that the optimal calcium concentration of Mongolian pine seedlings in sandy soil and cinnamon soil was 0–100 mg∙kg-1, and the optimal calcium concentration of Mongolian pine seedlings in dark brown soil was 100–200 mg∙kg-1. In other words, the results showed that there was an optimal calcium concentration for the growth of Mongolian pine seedlings, and the optimal calcium concentration was different under different soil types. And if the calcium concentration in the soil was too high, it would have an inhibitory effect on Mongolian pine seedlings, low calcium concentration maybe don’t work. The addition of an appropriate amount of exogenous calcium could promote the growth of Mongolian pine seedlings in different soil types. The plant height, basal diameter and biomass of Mongolian pine seedlings all increased significantly after applying an appropriate amount of calcium (p < 0.05); the addition of an appropriate amount of exogenous calcium could promote the photosynthetic characteristics of Mongolian pine seedlings in different soil types. Under sandy soil and cinnamon soil, the peaks for Pn, Gs, Tr, accumulation of soluble sugar and starch of Mongolian pine seedlings occurred at 0–100 mg∙kg-1, and the decreasing trend of the Fv/Fm value was significant in the case of exceeding 200 mg∙kg-1 (p < 0.05), indicating that the growth of Mongolian pine seedlings was affected when calcium concentrations higher than 200 mg∙kg-1 were applied. Moreover, under dark brown soil, the peaks for Pn, Gs, Tr, and accumulation of soluble sugar and starch of Mongolian pine seedlings occurred at 100–200 mg∙kg-1; similarly, the growth of Mongolian pine seedlings was affected when calcium concentrations higher than 200 mg∙kg-1 were applied. Compared with the treatment without calcium, after applying an appropriate amount of exogenous calcium, the water use efficiency of Mongolian pine seedlings in different soil types was significantly improved, though it was significantly reduced at 800 mg∙kg-1 (p < 0.05).