A mathematical model is presented for the volumetric combustion of a homogeneous fuel mixture in compression‐ignition and forced‐ignition engines. With careful consideration of all combustion parameters, the profile of the burning rate has a two‐peak structure. A simple nonlinear heat conduction problem was solved to illustrate the importance of including the isobaric process and heat conduction as functions of the temperature. The study shows that, when the pre‐exponential parameter was chosen as a calibrated parameter, the ignition delay time significantly depends on the start of combustion and the pressure in the common rail, while the effect of the engine speed seems less noticeable. The results can be extended to quasi‐sized combustion models.

Frugal innovation is an emerging term, and since the last decade, many studies have been focusing on this type of innovation. Therefore, this research has also directed attention towards frugal innovation. First of all, it studied the effect of servant leadership on knowledge management, and then the relationship between knowledge management and frugal innovation was measured. Moreover, the relationship described above was examined by moderating the role of innovation capabilities and technology turbulence. The data were collected from Sports equipment manufacturing companies in China, and to analyze the data, AMOS was used. The results highlighted a positive relationship between servant leadership and knowledge management, and this management has a significant and positive relation with frugal innovation. In addition, the technology turbulence and innovation capabilities can strengthen the relationship between knowledge management and frugal innovation. Despite highlighting the broad areas and developing a comprehensive model, this research has several limitations which are future directions for further studies. This research focused on sports equipment manufacturing companies, and future studies can highlight the perspective of other companies. In addition, entrepreneurial orientation can be considered as mediating variable as it can be affected by knowledge management and affect frugal innovation. The study is the first to link servant leadership with knowledge management which can lead to frugal innovation.

This qualitative study explores financial distress in the China hospitality industry during the Covid-19 disaster. Through semi-structured interviews with industry experts and content analysis of news articles, we examine the impact of the pandemic on the financial stability of hospitality businesses in China. Our findings suggest that the crisis has caused significant financial distress for many businesses, with revenue losses and cash flow problems leading to widespread closures and layoffs. We identify several factors that have contributed to financial distress, including travel restrictions, reduced consumer demand, and supply chain disruptions. Our study highlights the urgent need for policy interventions and industry-level support to address financial distress and promote the recovery of the China hospitality industry.

The trend of joining a fitness club has been growing rapidly since the last decade, but it's difficult to justify the actual reason which can keep the members of the club loyal. This study has indicated some key reasons for customer loyalty, including perceived service quality and customer satisfaction which is influenced by customer delight. Therefore, the basic aim of this research is to explore the effect of perceived service quality on customer loyalty. To explore the relationships made by deep literature analysis, this research collected data from 411 members of Chinese fitness clubs. This data was further observed in AMOS software to ensure the results of the hypothesis. The results highlighted that there is a significant and positive impact of perceived service quality on customer delight and customer loyalty. The delighted customer will be satisfied and that satisfaction will lead to customer loyalty. In addition, reputation and image can significantly moderate the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The managers of owners of fitness clubs can seek the important results highlighted by this research for developing marketing strategies for clubs.