A n investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of different penetration enhancers in various concentrations on the release of diclofenac sodium (DFS) as a water-soluble drug from Cellulose acetate phthalate polymeric films containing 50% w/w PEG 600 as plasticizer, to choose the most appropriate enhancer and its optimum concentration to be used to achieve the maximum release and permeation of the drug. The addition of various enhancers, as isopropylmyristate (IPM; 0.2_5% w/w), oleic acid (OA; 0.2_5% w/w) and linoleic acid (LOA; 0.2_5% w/w), Tween 80 (T80;1_10% w/w) and transcutol, (TC; 1_10% w/w) enhanced the DFS release from the polymeric films. The enhancement ratio of the penetration enhancers used in the formulation of DFS were found to increase in the order of IPM>LOA>OA>T80>TC. (56.2, 54.1, 50, 48.7 and 48%, respectively). In vitro permeation studies were performed using rabbit abdominal skin as the permeating membrane. The results indicated that maximum permeation was obtained at 24hrs (0.5% IPM, 0.2% LOA, 1% OA, 0.5% T80 and 10% TC, increased skin permeation of DFS by 4.46, 4.06, 3.37, 1.65 and 1.49 time, respectively). IPM was found to be the most efficient enhancer. The results obtained from ANOVA test indicate that the difference in drug permeation rates is highly significant compared to the control formulation (P<0.05). The mechanism of drug release from the polymeric films obey Higuchi's model.

PT Indobangkit Pertama Sukses is a manufacturing company that has been operating since 2016. It specializes in plastic manufacturing, producing Assoy Plastic, Meebag, Thinpack, PVC Rope, and T-bag. This research analyzes the operational management of PT Indobangkit Pertama Sukses before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic using qualitative data gathered through observation and interviews (conducted via Zoom Meeting) with operational managers. The research was conducted in Batam, where the company is located. The findings show that PT Indobangkit Pertama Sukses involves many parties and requires good product and information flow. The SCM concept can help the company plan production schedules and raw material supply to produce high-quality products. PT Indobangkit Pertama Sukses manages inventory and forecasting management well, achieving a large turnover. The company has carried out Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling in every activity and overcomes the obstacles of production machines that often break down.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of Polyherbal product Intellan with Vinpocetine in managing dementia and subject them to analysis by Mini metal state examination (MMSE) score, which is the most broadly perceived formal intellectual test. The MMSE was a 30-point test. This study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Civil Hospital, Karachi, for six months. Patients were dispensed to get the test drug Intellan or controlled drug Vinpocetine. Keeping in consideration for 20% dropout in the test drug arm, with full appliance in the vinpocetine treatment arm, 150 subjects were in each arm. A total of 300 patients of both genders aged between 30 and 75 years who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. The patients were evaluated prospectively for 24 weeks. The patients were advised follow-up visits weekly. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 12.0 (statistical software). The study groups were compared with the baseline characteristic, clinical presentation and history. Mean comparison was done by independent t-test and dependent t-test as appropriate, p≤0.05 was considered significant. No such study can be found that compare these drugs for treating dementia. In our study, mean MMSE before treatment, at 3 months and at 6 months was 8.91±4.12, 10.78±4.41, 13.54±4.54, respectively, while in group B, mean MMSE before treatment, at 3 months and at 6 months was 8.61±4.00, 10.74±4.18, 13.24±4.63, respectively. We found significant mean difference of MMSE before treatment with MMSE at 3 months, MMSE before treatment with MMSE at 6 months and MMSE at 3 months with MMSE at 6 months for both groups. An insignificant mean difference of MMSE at the 6th month s with study group (p=0.572) was found. Mean comparison was also done according to the study group s for stratified categories of gender, age, socio-economic status, education status, family history of dementia, living area, Alzheimer, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and body mass index.