Background: - Upper cross syndrome is becoming more prevalent in today’s population. Upper crossed syndrome refers to overactive and underactive muscles group in the neck and shoulder girdle. Our aim in this study is to check the tightness and weakness of neck and scapular muscles. Method: - 140 adults with age group between 17-23 years were randomly selected for the study. All the students were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Tightness for neck extensors & pectoralis major and minor were assessed with measure tape. Strength for neck flexors & scapular retractors were measured with hand held dynamometer. Analysis: - Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Mean and SD was analysed. Percentile method was used to find out the prevalence. Results: - Tightness of pectoralis minor and neck extensors was 9.30(1.92)cms and -2.42(2.70)cms respectively. Weakness of neck flexors and scapular retractors was 6.57(3.14) Kg and 7.11(2.70) Kg respectively. Prevalence of tightness in neck extensors was 65% Considering diagonal pattern (Neck extensors and pectoralis minor tight or Neck flexors and scapular retractors weak) prevalence was 2.8%. Considering parallel pattern (Neck flexors are weak and neck extensors are tight or Pectoralis minor is tight and scapular retractors are weak) prevalence was 2.8%. Conclusion: - Upper cross syndrome is found to be prevalent in college going students. Key words: Upper cross syndrome; Hand held dynamometer, Muscular Tightness, Muscular weakness.

Background: - Prolonged usage of smartphone may lead to pain around thumb and wrist. Thus, there is a need to assess the muscles strength of wrist and hand among smartphone users. Method: - 140 (70 males and 70 females) young college going adults with age group between 17-23 years were randomly selected for the study. Wrist muscle strength and power grip strength were assessed using hand held dynamometer. Pinch grip strength was assessed using pinchometer. Results: - Peak mean strength of wrist flexor was 10.40(4.43) Kg, wrist extensor was 10.48(4.79) Kg, power grip was 30.73(13.69) Kg and pinch grip was 5.58(1.59) Kg. Spearman’s correlation coefficient ranged from 0.6 to 1 between wrist and grip strength. Conclusion: - Currently there is no adverse effect of smartphone usage on pinch and power grip but wrist muscles are found to be weak. Key words: Wrist muscles, Grip, Handheld dynamometer, Pinchometer

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Background:Hamstring length assessment has an important value in Physiotherapy assessment and better outcome of patients. Purpose of the study was 1) To compare Active SLR and Active knee extension test values as per Kendall's muscle-range assessment, 2) To compare Passive SLR and Passive knee extension test values as per Kendall's muscle range assessment Method: Total 100 healthy individuals (age 20.83±1.17, 14 males, 86 females) participated in study. Goniometric assessment of hip flexion-extension and knee flexion was assessed followed by active and passive straight leg raising (ASLR and PSLR) and knee extension tests (AKE and PKE). Kendall's formula was used to find hamstring muscle-range. ASLR and AKE results were compared for means and correlation was assessed. PSLR and PKE results were compared for means and correlation was assessed. Result:The average hamstring-range is about 79.34% (ASLR), 83.67% (PSLR), 77.92% (AKE), and 81.43% (PKE) of total joint range of hamstrings. There is significant difference between ASLR and AKE values and between PSLR and PKE values. Conclusion:Total hamstring excursion in all methods confirms Kendall's statement. However difference between SLR and knee extension tests suggest that SLR values of hamstrings length and knee extension values of hamstrings length cannot be used interchangeably. Other mechanical factors may play role for the difference between these values.Implications: Sequence of Hip flexion and Knee extension for hamstring length assessment has a significant effect on results and it should be considered by therapist before clinical decision making.

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