This article assesses how social movements make use of media, and how their media practices influence movement outcomes using a case study of the Anti-National Education Movement in Hong Kong. It contributes to the literature on this important protest event and to ongoing debates about changes in the relationship between media and protesters. It is argued that activists adapted to what we call a “hybrid mediation opportunity structure.” The concept of a hybrid mediation opportunity structure is built on a critical engagement with Cammaerts’ mediation opportunity structure and is informed by Chadwick’s hybrid media system theory. We find that old (mainstream) and new (social) media tactics were deployed interdependently in a hybrid, symbiotic process. Old and new media logics fed off each other, in turn producing new logics: hybrid mediation opportunities which enabled activists to simultaneously broaden their connective networks and capture the attention of news media to publicize and legitimize their collective protests.

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Within a traditionally subdued civil society, more citizens have stepped forward to address concerns about the impact of neoliberal development policies on Singapore’s heritage and communities. Queenstown is Singapore’s first satellite town with residential housing and amenities, while Geylang is known for its red-light district, illicit activities, and low-cost housing for migrant workers. Using walking tours to promote place-based community heritage in Queenstown and Geylang respectively, volunteer groups My Community and Geylang Adventures offer contrasting yet complementary accounts on how the residents and the broader public can be activated to participate in heritage preservation and local–migrant worker integration. Their civic activism contributes towards a distinct form of bottom-up nation-building and an alternative framework in understanding evolving state–society relations in Singapore.

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