River drainage networks are important landscape features that have been studied for several decades from a range of geomorphological and hydrological perspectives. However, identifying the most vital (critical) nodes on river networks and analyzing their relationships with geomorphic and climatic properties have not yet been extensively addressed in the literature. In this study, we use an algorithm that determines the set of critical nodes whose removal results in maximum network fragmentation and apply it to various topologies of simulated and natural river networks. Specifically, we consider simulated river networks obtained from optimal channel network (OCN) approach as well as extracted networks from several natural basins across the United States. Our results indicate a power-law relationship between the number of connected node pairs in the remaining network and the number of removed critical nodes. We also investigate the characteristics of sub-basins resulted from the removal of critical nodes and compare them with those of central nodes (in the context of betweenness centrality) for both natural basins and OCNs with varying energy exponent γ to understand vulnerability and resilience of river networks under potential external disruptions.

Hydraulics provides a foundation for students who specialize in the field of Water Resources Engineering. This lab manual will deal with application of basic principles of fluids at rest and in motion for analysis and design of hydraulic systems and will provide an advanced understanding of fluid mechanics, open channel flow, pipe flow, water pumps, and some engineering applications of these concepts. This lab manual is the basic laboratory procedure of fluid movement in pipes and open channel. This Lab will implement an active learning laboratory environment to assess students’ understanding and while covering experiments of pipe and open channel flow. Practical engineering problems and design applications will be emphasized.

The term "hydraulics" is concerned with the conveyance of water that can consist of very simple processes to complex physical processes, such as flow in open rivers, flow in pipes, the flow of nutrients/sediments, the flow of groundwater to sea waves. The study of hydraulics is primarily a mixture of theory and experiments. Computational hydraulics is very helpful to quantify and predict flow nature and behavior. The mathematical model is the backbone of the computational hydraulics that consists of simple to complex mathematical equations with linear and/or non-linear terms and ordinary or partial differential equations. Analytical solution to these mathematical equations is not feasible in the majority of cases. In these consequences, mathematical models are solved using different numerical techniques and associated schemes. In this manuscript, we aim to review hydraulic principles along with their mathematical equations. Then we aim to learn some commonly used numerical techniques to solve different types of differential equations related to hydraulics. Among them, the Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Volume Method (FVM) have been discussed along with their use in real-life applications in the context of water resources engineering.

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The Brahmaputra is one of the largest rivers in the world, ranking fifth in average discharge. As a result, it is heavily braided with various intricate paths in order to dissipate its huge energy. Although this river is normally classed as a braided river, it has recently been classified as an anastomosing river due to its multi-channel features over alluvial plains. Additionally, the Brahmaputra river’s morphology is random in nature as a result of its high flow variability and bank erodibility. Its anastomosing planform changes in response to seasonal water and sediment waves, resulting in a morphology that is extremely complex. The purpose of this study is to examine the Brahmaputra river’s anastomosing planform entropy as a measure of complexity, power spectral density as a measure of fluctuation and their relationship to the energy expenditure as an imprint of flflow rate of river systems on alluvial landscapes.