The results suggest that a direct inhibition of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels may contribute to the antinociceptive effects of clonidine and dexmedetomidine when used as additives to regional anaesthesia.

No abstract

Fig. 1 Axial (A), coronal (B), and sagittal (C) computed tomography scans with contrast medium showing the destroyed petrous bone, the internal carotid artery and the aneurysm (arrow), which are exposed to the right middle ear, and a massive hematoma in the right middle ear. 578Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50, 578¿580, 2010 AbstractA 60-year-old man presented with a rare case of pseudoaneurysm in the petrous internal carotid artery (ICA) caused by chronic otitis media manifesting as right otorrhagia after the earpick procedure. Computed tomography showed the destroyed petrous bone; the ICA and the aneurysm, which were exposed to the right middle ear; and a massive hematoma in the right middle ear. Right carotid angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm arising from the ICA coursing through the middle ear. Two weeks later, the right ICA was trapped after external carotid artery-middle cerebral artery bypass surgery using a vein graft. A biopsy specimen was obtained from the middle ear and the histological diagnosis was inflammatory disease. Pseudoaneurysm often causes sudden massive aural bleeding. The appropriate management strategy may be exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm with revascularization to avoid leaving foreign material in the infected middle ear.

Esmolol, but not landiolol, may have useful effects against pain related to TTX-r Na channel activity.