Tripartite motif 44 (TRIM44) is one of the TRIM family proteins that are involved in ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins by modulating E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM44 overexpression has been observed in various cancers. However, its association with testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is unknown. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of TRIM44 and its function in TGCT. High expression of TRIM44 was significantly associated with α feto‐protein levels, clinical stage, nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT), and cancer‐specific survival (P = 0.0009, P = 0.0035, P = 0.0004, and P = 0.0140, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that positive TRIM44 IR was an independent predictor of cancer‐specific mortality (P = 0.046). Gain‐of‐function study revealed that overexpression of TRIM44 promoted cell proliferation and migration of NTERA2 and NEC8 cells. Knockdown of TRIM44 using siRNA promoted apoptosis and repressed cell proliferation and migration in these cells. Microarray analysis of NTERA2 cells revealed that tumor suppressor genes such as CADM1,CDK19, and PRKACB were upregulated in TRIM44‐knockdown cells compared to control cells. In contrast, oncogenic genes including C3AR1,ST3GAL5, and NT5E were downregulated in those cells. These results suggest that high expression of TRIM44 is associated with poor prognosis and that TRIM44 plays significant role in cell proliferation, migration, and anti‐apoptosis in TGCT.
Pazopanib (Votrient®) is an oral small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor that primarily inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2 and -3, platelet endothelial growth factor receptor-α, and -β, and the stem-cell factor receptor c-kit. In preliminary experiments using angiogenesis models with mice and rabbits, pazopanib inhibited angiogenesis caused by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Although pazopanib was developed as a therapeutic agent against various tumors, it is currently approved in many countries for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and renal cell carcinoma. The importance of pazopanib has been acknowledged, with positive results demonstrated in large-scale clinical trials involving patients with soft-tissue sarcoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, adverse events such as liver dysfunction and hypertension are common, often necessitating treatment discontinuation. These adverse events are generally manageable, and from the perspective of health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness, pazopanib provides an improvement in quality-adjusted life years and decreases the treatment cost compared with other alternatives. In this review, we present the results of clinical trials and discuss the pharmacological action of pazopanib, with the aim of evaluating its current state by examining various associated issues.
Our risk classification incorporating 5 risk factors enables accurate prediction of survival, which can be helpful to make clinical decisions in cases of renal cell carcinoma with bone metastasis.
Background: Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has now become a gold standard approach in radical prostatectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate incidence and risk factors of inguinal hernia (IH) after RARP. Methods: This study included 307 consecutive men who underwent RARP for the treatment of prostate cancer from January 2011 to August 2015. The incidence of IH after RARP was investigated. Clinical and pathological factors were also investigated to assess relationship with development of postoperative IH. Results: Median follow-ups were 380 days, and median age of patients was 67 years. Incidence of IH was 11.3, 14.0, and 15.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years after RARP, respectively. Postoperative IH occurrence was significantly associated with low surgeon experience and postoperative incontinence at 3 or 6 months after surgery (P = 0.019, P = 0.002, and P = 0.016, respectively). Conclusions: Most of the IH occurred within the first 2 years with a rate of 14%. Incidence of IH after RARP was significantly associated with surgical experience and incontinence outcomes.
Objectives To investigate perioperative, oncologic, and functional outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in men of age � 75 years in comparison with younger men. Methods From November 2011 to December 2018, six hundred and thirty patients with prostate cancer underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). A total of 614 patients were analyzed after excluding 16 patients who were treated with hormone therapy prior to RARP. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their age (age � 75 years: N = 46 patients and age < 75 years: N = 568 patients). Perioperative parameters regarding oncologic/functional outcomes and complication status were compared between the 2 groups. Clavien-Dindo classification was used to classify perioperative complications. Clinical and pathological status including stage, positive margin, continence, and potency status after RARP were analyzed. Results Five-hundred sixty-eight and forty-six men were of age <75 and � 75 years, respectively. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of oncologic outcomes (positive resection margin rate and PSA failure). The duration of hospitalization was longer in older patients but was not statistically significant (P = 0.051). A total number of Clavien �3 complications that occurred within a month after RARP were 15 (2.6%) and 2 (4.3%) in younger men (age < 75 years) and older men (age � 75 years), respectively (P = 0.359).
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