The pressure and temperature phase diagrams of DPPC bilayers have been obtained by DTA and dilatometry. Under atmospheric pressure DPPC shows three phase transitions at 42°C, 36°C and around 18°C, corresponding to the main-, pre- and sub-transitions respectively. Throughout our experiments we discovered very interesting phenomena in these transitions due to the effect of pressure and are as follows. First, the presence of a tricritical point on the pre-transition line has been found at about 2.5 kbar and 78°C, where the first order transition changes to a second order transition. Second, the sub-transition could be observed under high pressure without annealing procedure which required to stock DPPC at about 0°C for three or four days under atmospheric pressure. Third, a new fourth transition below the sub-transition temperature has been discovered.

We present a simple superfield lagrangian for massive supergravity. It comprises the minimal supergravity lagrangian with interactions as well as mass terms for the metric superfield and the chiral compensator. This is the natural generalization of the Fierz-Pauli lagrangian for massive gravity which comprises mass terms for the metric and its trace. We show that the on-shell bosonic and fermionic fields are degenerate and have the appropriate spins: 2, 3/2, 3/2 and 1. We then study this interacting lagrangian using goldstone superfields. We find that a chiral multiplet of goldstones gets a kinetic term through mixing, just as the scalar goldstone does in the non-supersymmetric case. This produces Planck scale (M Pl ) interactions with matter and all the discontinuities and unitarity bounds associated with massive gravity. In particular, the scale of strong coupling is (M Pl m 4 ) 1/5 , where m is the multiplet's mass. Next, we consider applications of massive supergravity to deconstruction. We estimate various quantum effects which generate non-local operators in theory space. As an example, we show that the single massive supergravity multiplet in a 2-site model can serve the function of an extra dimension in anomaly mediation.

Where multilamellar phospholipid water exists, e.g., inside or outside of the multilamellar phospholipid, depends largely on the percentage of water content. For example, the multilamellar L-α, distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) with 44 wt % water content carries water in excess water regions as well as in the water layer inside of the multilamellar DSPC. This excess water freezes at about −20 °C in forms ranging from super-cooled water to homogeneous ice with a hexagonal symmetry. On the other hand, when no excess water exists, e.g., in cases of multilamellar DSPC containing 15 wt % or 11 wt % water, water is contained entirely in the water layer inside of the multilamellar DSPC. When multilamellar DSPC contains 15 wt % water, the state of super-cooled water in the water layer is maintained at about −45 °C and then changes into heterogeneous ice or into many ice nuclei with a hexagonal symmetry in the temperature region of less than −45 °C. In the case of multilamellar DSPC with 11 wt % water content, however, the state of super-cooled water in the water layer remains unchanged even down to −190 °C. X-ray diffraction results prove that the super-cooled water in the water layer of multilamellar DSPC containing 11 wt % water does not freeze even down to −190 °C.

In multilamellar phospholipids in which the number of carbons per hydrocarbon chain (C n ) is equal to or less than 18, e.g., L-α, Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) for C n =16 and L-α, Distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) for C n =18, the subtransition appears only during the heating process under atmospheric pressure after the phospholipids satisfy some special conditions such as the long-term cooling storage around 0°C for more than 72 h. However, the subtransition of multilamellar L-α, Dibehenoyl phosphatidylcholine with C n =22 (abbreviated as DBPC) appears not only during heating, but also in the subsequent cooling run without any special conditions under atmospheric pressure, and it is confirmed that the subtransition of multilamellar DBPC is composed of two phenomena. X-ray scattering analyses indicated changes of hydrocarbon chain packing as the subtransition by the following two-step process; orthorhombic symmetry \rightleftarrowsquasi-orthorhombic symmetry \rightleftarrowsquasi-hexagonal symmetry. These experimental results closely correspond to the phenomena under high pressure, which are obtained from multilamellar DPPC and DSPC conditioned by high-pressure melting above 250 MPa.