The use of a hardwood lignosulfonate (HLS) precursor along with electrospinning technology was studied to produce HLS-based carbon fibers. The production of the fibers helped to determine the appropriate processing parameters in the HLS carbon fiber production process. The processing parameters examined were the heating rate (POR) and the treatment temperature (POT) in the preoxidation process; the heating rate (C1R) and the treatment temperature (C1T) were in the low-temperature carbonization phase; and the carbonization temperature (C2T) and temperature holding period (C2t) were in the high-temperature carbonization phase. The results revealed that preoxidation with a POR of 1 °C/min and a POT of 250 °C generated favorable properties, particularly enhancing the fiber mat integrity and the fiber carbon content. The designed two-phase carbonization process was found to be satisfactory in increasing carbon fiber yields and enhancing fiber mat integrity. A C1R value of 1 °C/min and C1T of 400 °C facilitated favorable properties in the produced carbon fibers. Furthermore, a prolonged C2t increased the fiber carbon content but reduced the carbon fiber yield. The highest fiber carbon content occurred with a C2t of 3 h and a C2T of 1200 °C.

This study investigated the use of sintered Nickel powder as the wick material of Loop heat pipe with flat evaporator (Flat loop heat pipe, FLHP) and its effect on the heat transfer performance. Add the 1-heptanol into water and form Self-rewetting Fluid (SRF), resulting in the Marangoni effect. The colder liquid can be transport to the heating surface, delaying the occurrence of dry-out and increasing the critical heat load. This paper use Surface tension measurements to measure the change of 1-heptanol SRF, then it was apply to nickel wick FLHP as working fluid to investigate its effect on the heat transfer performance. This study successfully established production process of Nickel wick structure. Results of wick structure for the effective pore radius of 2.6 μm, porosity of 62%, permeability of 5.7 × 10-13m2. Results of Surface tension measurements show that 1-heptanol aqueous solution’s surface tension increases with increasing temperature, Results from applying 0.1% 1-heptanol aqueous solution to FLHP as working fluid. For performance testing show that the critical heat load was 240 W and the total thermal resistance was 0.77 ° C/W. Compared with FLHP with pure water, SRF raised the maximum heat flux of 70%, the total thermal resistance of the system reduces 40%, SRF has the potential to enhance the heat transfer performance of FLHP.