Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is associated with dehydration and which can cause acute kidney injury (AKI). The proportion of AKI in children and adolescents with DKA has not been reported in East Asian population. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of AKI and to determine whether there is an association between AKI severity and recovery time from metabolic acidosis in children and adolescents with DKA. Medical records of children and adolescents (aged <18 years) presenting with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and DKA between 2000-2017 at the MacKay Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. AKI was defined by an admission creatinine level >1.5 times the calculated expected baseline creatinine level. Patients were divided into three groups based on AKI severity: no AKI, mild AKI, and severe AKI. In total, 170 (56.5%) patients with DKA presented AKI (mild AKI, 116 [38.5%]; severe AKI, 54 [18.0%]). Heart rate and laboratory parameters related to dehydration, such as corrected sodium level and blood urea nitrogen, were strongly associated with AKI development (P<0.01). Blood pH, plasma glucose, and potassium levels were also associated with AKI. A negative correlation with borderline significance between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and recovery time from metabolic acidosis was observed in the severe AKI group. AKI was highly prevalent in children and adolescents with DKA. An association between AKI and biomarkers indicating dehydration was noted. The recovery time from metabolic acidosis following treatment may be longer in children with a decreased eGFR who present with severe AKI. AKI is a common complication in children with DKA.

GnRH stimulation test results. The practical scoring system (3showed 76% sensitivity and 72% specificity. The serum LH level at 30 min after intravenous gonadorelin exhibited 99% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusion: Single sampling of serum LH at 30th minute post-injection of GnRH demonstrated a diagnostic performance equivalent to the traditional GnRH stimulation test in diagnosing CPP. Therefore, this approach could become the simplest diagnostic modality.

Background: Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in children and adolescents, accounting for 15% of all thyroid diseases during childhood. Anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) are recommended as the first-line treatment in children and adolescents. However, the remission rate is lower in children than in adults, and the optimal treatment duration and favorable factors associated with remission remain unknown. We aimed to investigate long-term outcomes of pediatric GD patients receiving ATD. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of 396 GD subjects from 1985 to 2017 at MacKay Children's Hospital. Ninetyesix patients were excluded from the analyses, including 71 patients followed for less than one year, 6 patients who received radioactive therapy and 19 patients who received surgery. The remaining 300 patients initially treated with ATD and

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