In order to solve the problem of small high-speed precision cylindrical roller, which is difficult to drive and the surface is easily damaged when doing dynamic unbalance detection due to the small size and light mass of the roller, this paper proposes a new drive method, using air flotation non-destructive support instead of V-block or cylindrical surface of the roller and other lossy contact support and air flotation electric spindle combined with vacuum suction cup instead of belt friction drive; establish a mathematical model of cylindrical roller force to study the force of cylindrical roller in the air flotation sleeve during the drive, and through the force analysis, it is shown that under the condition that the structural parameters and material parameters of the drive remain unchanged, the start-up speed of the drive depends on the load-bearing capacity of the air film on the cylindrical roller; the mathematical model of the air film load-bearing capacity and the thickness of the air film is established to study the changing characteristics of the air film load-bearing capacity in the air flotation sleeve, and the correctness of the mathematical model is verified through numerical calculation combined with simulation analysis; the test platform of the drive device based on the non destructive detection of cylindrical roller dynamic unbalance is built to further verify the feasibility of high-speed non-destructive drive of cylindrical rollers and to create favorable conditions for the development of the non-destructive detection instrument for small mass cylindrical rollers dynamic unbalance.