Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition. Existing preclinical ICH models focus largely on striatum but neglect other brain areas such as ventricle, cortex, and hippocampus. Clinically, however, hemorrhagic strokes do occur in these other brain regions. In this study, we established mouse hemorrhagic models that utilize stereotactic injections of autologous whole blood or collagenase to produce ventricular, cortical, and hippocampal injury. We validated and characterized these models by histology, immunohistochemistry, and neurobehavioral tests. In the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) model, C57BL/6 mice that received unilateral ventricular injections of whole blood demonstrated bilateral ventricular hematomas, ventricular enlargement, and brain edema in the ipsilateral cortex and basal ganglia at 72 h. Unilateral injections of collagenase (150 U/ml) caused reproducible hematomas and brain edema in the frontal cortex in the cortical ICH (c-ICH) model and in the hippocampus in the hippocampal ICH (h-ICH) model. Immunostaining revealed cellular inflammation and neuronal death in the periventricular regions in the IVH brain and in the perihematomal regions in the c-ICH and h-ICH brains. Locomotor abnormalities measured with a 24-point scoring system were present in all three models, especially on days 1, 3, and 7 post-ICH. Locomotor deficits measured by the wire-hanging test were present in models of IVH and c-ICH, but not h-ICH. Interestingly, mice in the c-ICH model demonstrated emotional abnormality, as measured by the tail suspension test and forced swim test, whereas h-ICH mice exhibited memory abnormality, as measured by the novel object recognition test. All three ICH models generated reproducible brain damage, brain edema, inflammation, and consistent locomotor deficits. Additionally, the c-ICH model produced emotional deficits and the h-ICH model produced cognitive deficits. These three models closely mimic human ICH and should be useful for investigating the pathophysiology of ICH in ventricle, cortex, and hippocampus and for evaluating potential therapeutic strategies.

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Inactivation of lipoxygenase-1, -2, and -3 and changes in protein dispersibility index (PDI) during extrusion of soybeans at different temperatures and moisture levels were studied. Soybeans were extruded at six different temperatures, ranging from 77 to 121 °C, with or without holding for 30 min immediately after extrusion. Inactivation by extrusion was in the order of lipoxygenase-2 > -1 > -3. Holding for 30 min immediately after extrusion had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on inactivation of lipoxygenase-3. Essentially 100% inactivation of all three lipoxygenase enzymes in extruded soybeans resulted with a PDI of about 22. Extrusion of soybeans with different moisture contents showed a rapid decrease in PDI from 68.4 to 24.2 as soybean moisture content increased from 9.2% to 16.3%. Keywords: Extrusion; lipoxygenase; protein dispersibility; soybean

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with high theoretical efficiency, low cost, and the potential for simple mass production have received significant attention. To maintain the current matching, increasing the open-circuit voltage (V OC) of the top and bottom subcells is an effective route to enhance the efficiency of tandem solar cells (TSCs). In this paper, we focus on a strategy for increasing the V OC and simultaneously maintaining a high efficiency of over 20%. Perovskite thin films with added Cs in traditional FAMA cations have shown a large grain, smooth surface morphology, wider band gap, and reduced defects, which together bring about a TSC V OC of 1.78 V. In addition, the high minority carrier lifetime (τeff) of bottom silicon solar cells resulting from the good passivation of a-Si:H/c-Si interface enhance the V OC values to as high as 1.83 V, which is the highest value for perovskite/silicon TSCs.